Product Selected For the Sales Plan †Free Samples for Students

Question: What Is the Product Selected For the Sales Plan? Answer: Presentation: The item which has been chosen for the business plan is Snickers. It was created in 1930 and was a success. It was additionally called Marathon in UK. The bar comprises of peanuts, caramel and nougat with a chocolate covering. It is made by American Company Mars. Objectives: Objective is something that you would like to accomplish. A few objectives are:- 1) To furnish client with quality item. 2) To meet client desire so to guarantee smooth offer of item. 3) To expand the offer of the snickers by making mindfulness among individuals Snickers likewise plans to bring Joy and fun into people groups life. It expects to keep up level of utilization year and year out with little rivalry. 4) To make cost serious items (Makadok and Barney, 2001) Targets: It tells about the firm market openings. The firm focuses available by assessing numerous kinds of market and chooses in which amount fragment it will target. Chocolates are adored by everybody particularly by kids and ladies. Laugh targets fundamentally to all the age bunches who likes chocolate bars however it primarily targets young people and Millennial. A chuckle is intended to be for all age bunches it rely on the individuals who love to eat chocolates. Chuckles are not all that expensive each and every individual who wants to eat chocolate can bear the cost of it (Sherman, 2017). It is an advantageous item which is accessible in all markets and supermarkets. Chuckle likewise utilized old notorious big names for their promotions which pulls in the consideration of all the age bunches towards a specific ad. It is a reasonable item which can be bought by everybody. It is scrumptious chocolate bar which can fulfill anybody (Lamb, Hair McDaniel, 2011) Procedures: 1) Snicker started various types of crusade. One of the popular crusade was You are not you, when you are eager. This battle won honors like IPA grants, AME Awards and furthermore expanded the worldwide deal. 2.) Increase the utilization by focusing on ordinary chocolate customers through creating incautious and prevailing nearness at retail location. 3.) They are offering astonishing bundling benefits when somebody gets it for exceptional events. Chuckle is a noteworthy player in gifting section through event connected blessing packs. 4.) They are giving most extreme client esteem at low cost. Mass buy procedure is additionally utilized by giggles (Matsuno and Mentzer, 2000). 5.) Snicker is utilizing numerous special instruments like: - Print media, Social Media, Traditional Media. It kept up authority picture through a prevalent Marketing Mix. Strategies and Calendar: 1) Advertising CAMPAIGNS January-March 2) Public relations April-July 3) Events August - October 4) Social media battles November - January 5) Email advertising January - March References: Matsuno.K.and Mentzer, J.T., (2000). The impacts of technique type on showcase direction execution relationship. Diary of promoting, Vol.64, No.4, pp: - 1 - 16. Makadok . R. furthermore, Barney, J.B., (2001). Vital factor insight: Application of data financial aspects to methodology detailing and contender knowledge, Management Science. Vol.47, No.12, pp: 1621-1638. Sheep, C.W., Hair .J.F., McDaniel, C. (2011).Essentials of promoting, Cengage learning. Sherman, E. (2017). Laughs Manages a Brilliant Marketing Campaign. Recovered on 26 May 2017 from https://www.inc.com/erik-sherman/chuckles deals with a-splendid advertising campaign.html.

The Laws Of Technical Systems Evolution Information Technology Essay

The Laws Of Technical Systems Evolution Information Technology Essay Altshullers laws of framework development uncover critical, unsurprising, and repeatable communications between components of frameworks and between the frameworks and their condition (Fey Rivin, 1999). The repeatable patterns that have risen through the perception of framework development empower critical thinking dependent on these examples. TRIZ hypothesis and its laws of framework advancement are predicated on the thought that frameworks have an anticipated life cycle with recognizable stages. Frameworks progress from birth to development and go through development onto decay. Because of broad examination into the examples of specialized frameworks advancement, Genrich Altshuller in the mid 1970s partitioned all laws of specialized frameworks development into three classifications; statics, kinematics and elements. Static laws depict the models of possibility of recently made specialized frameworks during their initiation. Static laws incorporate the laws of culmination, the law of vitality conductivity of the framework and the law of harmonization of the beat of the frameworks parts. Kinematic laws characterize how specialized frameworks develop paying little heed to conditions during the frameworks development stage. These laws incorporate the law of expanding ideality, the law of non-uniform advancement of framework parts, the law of change to more significant level frameworks and the law of expanding dynamism. Dynamic laws want to characterize how specialized frameworks advance under determined conditions close to the finish of the frameworks improveme nt. Elements incorporate the law of change from full scale to small scale level frameworks and the law of expanding substance field connections (Kraev, 2005). Law of expanding level of ideality The law of expanding level of ideality holds that frameworks develop toward an expanding condition good for cost proportion. The ideality of a framework is a subjective proportion communicated as the attractive usefulness of the framework over the aggregate of the frameworks expenses and issues. The capacities of different items are unendingly expanding while the costs of these items to buyers fall (Fey Rivin, 2005). Some normal patterns in item improvement according to expanding framework ideality remember the decrease for size, weight and cost while at the same time including usefulness. For instance, adding an all the more impressive camera to a mobile phone. Law of expanding the level of ideality of the framework is a characteristic movement in advancement of any structure or development. This is cultivated by expanding benefits and diminishing unsafe impacts, unwanted states and lessening costs. The perfect conclusive outcome is have all the advantages of the framework with an expense of zero. Regardless of whether this is achievable or not, it ought to be made progress toward during the time spent development. This law is predicated on the perception that progressive forms of a specialized structure for the most part increment ideality after some time. As indicated by Ivanov (1994) the essential approaches to help the level of ideality in frameworks are communicated to expand the quantity of capacities performed by a solitary component. This move incorporates the development from bi to poly level frameworks and homogenous to heterogeneous components. Ivanov proceeds to recommend that ideality can be advanced by limiting specialized inconsistencies at the same time in all pieces of the framework. Different techniques for Idealization incorporate diminishing a few pieces of a framework or a procedure, expanding the quantity of conveyed capacities, utilizing propelled hardware, materials, forms and by utilizing expendable articles. To additionally admire a framework and take out unfortunate impacts, administrators and frameworks specialists can utilize square organized structure, utilize costly materials just where vital and look to different assets to improve the frameworks ideality (Petrov, 2001). By improving the level of ideality, the framework will be first lead to the expanded multifaceted nature of the framework components. Next the procedure will move to streamline the framework, yet convolute the subsystems. At long last, improving the level of ideality in the framework will prompt generous rearrangements of subsystem components (Ivanov, 1994). Lately, the Apple iPod has encapsulated the law of expanding ideality. At the point when the iPod initially hit the market, they were costly and just worked as a music playing gadget. After a few emphasess of the underlying plan, the framework has yielded results consistent with an improving expense to profit proportion. The iPod is currently generally cheap (to where it is regularly a prize of blessing) and it has expanded usefulness. The iPod Touch presently plays motion pictures, bolsters games and applications and has Wi-Fi and email capacity. Law of non-uniform development of subsystems The law of Non-Uniform Evolution of Subsystems holds that different pieces of a framework advance at various non-uniform rates. The lopsided improvement of different pieces of a specialized framework incorporating various parts will advance in an unexpected way, prompting framework clashes and therefore new specialized and physical logical inconsistencies in the framework. As indicated by Ivanov (1994) consistency is fundamentally unrelated to foundational conduct. Different framework components react distinctively to outer improvements, this upgrades can possibly disturb beforehand stable framework component connections (Ivanov, 1994). The law expresses that the improvement of one component of a framework configuration is as a rule to the detriment of another piece of the framework. These framework clashes are not perfect and ordinarily bring about a trade off. Improving the framework frequently begins with an attention on improving a particular subsystem. Recognize that subsystems have distinctive life cycle bends. Hence when endeavoring to improve a framework, it is basic to concentrate on the right sub framework (TRIZ Experts, 1996). Progression in wind ranch innovation as of late gives a case of non-uniform subsystem development. The turbine frameworks have developed to where they can make surplus force on certain matrices. Transmission and capacity limit of certain territories of the framework have not advanced at a rate adequate to stay aware of the expanded limit created by improvement to turbines. Law of change to a more significant level framework Framework beginning normally shows in a mono framework structure intended to perform one explicit assignment. Over the lifecycle of the framework there is a pattern to create from a mono framework to a bi or poly framework to achieve a more extensive extent of errands. In the long run the poly framework advances into another increasingly perplexing yet effective framework. Now in the framework lifecycle, different poly frameworks may converge to turn into a super framework intended to play out an increasingly mind boggling task (Fey Rivin, 2005). Otherwise called the law of progress to a super-framework, the standard hypothesizes that when a framework accomplishes a level where the probability of further generous improvement gets ostensible, the framework has become a component of a super-framework. Some bi and poly framework are the consequence of copying the segment of the mono framework and utilizing the duplication to extrapolate the ideal outcome. As indicated by Fey Riven, by consolidating different mono frameworks into such a homogeneous bi or poly framework can improve usefulness of each sub framework component with the end goal that the entire is more prominent than the summation of its parts. Some increasingly perplexing heterogeneous bi and poly frameworks are the consequence of an expansion of another component, for example, a clock to a radio to have a clock radio. Notwithstanding the rise of heterogeneous and homogenous bi and poly frameworks, this law further assists with distinguishing converse bi and poly frameworks which consolidate components with conflicting or inverse capacities; for example a pencil and an eraser (Fey Rivin, 1999). One model refered to by Ladewig (2003) of framework development advancing from a mono to a bi to a poly framework is found in the expendable razors advertise. Razors at first had one sharp edge and have progressed to two then three and as of now up to four edges. A further model is found in watching screw drivers, at first this instrument had one head and had progressed to incorporate Robertson, Phillips and flathead heads, this framework has now progressed to contain fittings for many heads and bit styles all contained inside the unit handle itself (Ladewig, 2003). Another model might be noted in the development of a bike to a bike with preparing wheels (4 wheels). Law of expanding dynamism Frameworks are created and customized to explicit working undertakings and conditions, as those situations change, the framework should be adaptable to adjust. The weight applied on inflexible structures is a steady power outside to the framework. There is an interest on the framework to advance into increasingly adaptable and versatile parameters that comes from end client request. The advancing needs and requests of purchasers and different clients animate change in the framework condition which means pressure on the framework. It is significant that the center capabilities and estimations of the framework substance are not defiled in this procedure. In the progress between an unbending framework and an adaptable framework, a framework goes through different stages. The line of expanding adaptability as plot by Fey Rivin (1999) shows that framework start with one state, become a framework with numerous discrete states and eventually exist as a consistently factor framework. A case of the law of adaptability being applied on a framework is through the rise of digital books which developed from customary paper books. The amazing quality of hand held innovation as of late has changed the scene of the book business by making new open doors for purchasers. The end client made interest for a framework that would address the issues of movability, expanded limit and decline cost. This was a characteristic advancement for the paper book as far as adaptability of utilization. Law of change from large scale to smaller scale level frameworks The law of change from large scale to smaller scale level frameworks expresses that frameworks develop beyond what many would consider possible to a consistently expanding fracture of the

New March Audiobooks

New March Audiobooks This list first appeared in the Audiobooks Newsletter. Sign-up for the Audiobooks Newsletter  here. As a Californian, I like to tell myself that spring starts in March, despite whatever Noreaster New Englanders might be suffering through. And spring is exciting not only for the (hopefully, eventually) warmer weather, but also because there are a ton of new releases every spring. Here are the audiobooks Im most looking forward to getting in my ears. The Shape of Water  by Guillermo del Toro and Daniel Kraus; narrated by Jenna Lamia Release date: 03-06-18 I haven’t seen the movie  The Shape of Water  but everyone I know who has seen it raves about it (it is about sex with a fish, though, right? Im still a little unclear about that part). I didn’t realize it was also a book until I started looking at the new releases but the site io9 claims it’s just as good. “Most movie novelizations do little more than write down what audiences see on the screen. But the novel that’s accompanying Guillermo del Toro’s new movie  The Shape of Water  is no mere adaptation. Co-author Daniel Kraus’s book and the film tell the same story, of a mute woman who falls in love with an imprisoned and equally mute creature, in two very different ways.” Raw: My Journey into the Wu-Tang  written and read by Lamont “U-God” Hawkins Release date: 03-06-18 One of the founding members of the Wu-Tang Clan tells his story of how he went from a kid in Brooklyn, New York, to a founding member of one of the biggest hip-hop groups in history. U-God says, “It’s time to write down not only my legacy, but the story of nine dirt-bomb street thugs who took our everyday lifeâ€"scrappin’ and hustlin’ and tryin’ to survive in the urban jungle of New York Cityâ€"and turned that into something bigger than we could possibly imagine, something that took us out of the projects for good, which was the only thing we all wanted in the first place.” Bachelor Nation: Inside the World of America’s Favorite Guilty Pleasure written and read by Amy Kaufman Release date: 03-06-18 I am immersed in pop culture enough to know that I am in the vast MINORITY of people who have never seen an episode of any of the Bachelor(ette) shows. BUT I am very, very pro guilty pleasures. And while I am not a member of Bachelor nation, the description of this book from the publisher kinda makes me think maybe I should be. “Bachelor Nation  is the first behind-the-scenes, unauthorized look into the reality television phenomenon. Los Angeles Times journalist Amy Kaufman is a proud member of Bachelor Nation and has a long history with the franchiseâ€"ABC even banned her from attending show events after her coverage of the program got a little too real for their liking. She has interviewed dozens of producers, contestants, and celebrity fans to give readers never-before-told details of the show’s inner workings: what it’s like to be trapped in the mansion bubble; dark, juicy tales of producer manipulation; and revelations about the alcohol-fueled debauchery that occurs long b efore the fantasy suite.” Sounds a little like the  Fire and Fury  of the Bachelor-house, no? (Which I mean in the best possible way! Juicy, juicy gossip. And in the case of Bachelor Nation, you dont have to worry about it leading to the actual end of the world!) The Nowhere Girls  by Amy Reed; narrated by Rebekkah Ross Release date:  03-13-18 I am a huge fan of Amy Reed’s YA books and this one is about as timely as you can get. Following the rape of a classmate, three misfit students band together to avenge the crime and transform the misogynist culture around them. (Wo)man oh (Wo)man, between the Time’s Up movement and the students in Parkland’s awesome activism, The Nowhere Girls  is a perfect listen. Fisherman’s Blues  written and read by Anna Badkhen Release date:  03-13-18 The best journalism zeroes in on the micro to tell a story about the macro, and that’s exactly what this Fisherman’s Blues does. The impact of climate change on the planet is, and will continue to be, unequivocally devastating. Anna Badkhen looks examines the devastation of a Senegalese Fishing community, whose economy and way of life has been decimated by overfishing and climate change. LitHub calls the book, “A[n] intimate, urgent, and compassionate narrative about how human and natural landscapes are being interrupted by the Anthropocene.” Ginger Kid: Mostly True Tales from a Former Nerd written and read by Steve Hofstetter Release date:  03-20-18 I’m super excited about this book for two reasons: I think there needs to be more YA nonfiction in general and there can never be too many books about kids and teens who feel like they just don’t fit in. If you can get a comedian or otherwise very funny person to write one of those books? Icing on the cake. “In  Ginger Kid, popular comedian Steve Hofstetter grapples with life after seventh grade…when his world fell apart. Formatted as a series of personal essays, Steve walks his listeners through awkward early dating, family turbulence, and the revenge of the bullied nerds.” Did I miss any exciting new releases? What are you looking forward to getting in your ears? Let me know in the comments! Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Government In Cannery Row - 1472 Words

The Government is a source of help for many people. Sometimes this grand of a government fails on us. Then people begin to struggle. However sometimes the government takes over our lives to help us. Not like a National Socialistic take over of our lives, but a socialistic. However, there are also many different types of ideologies that the government controls its people. The people of Cannery Row have created a socialist atmosphere to replace the government that has failed them. Socialism in America began in Chicago IL, June 15-21, 1897. This ideology was founded at a joint convention of the new combined American Railway Union. This was due to the two Railway Industries combining with each other, Eugene V. Debs and the Brotherhood of the†¦show more content†¦Lee knew some people would never pay back and some people would need to take time to pay back with 0% interest. Communism is a very similar –ism to socialism. Both are left-winged. However, Communism is more similar to Liberalism in the aspect of helping out its own people. In communism the government makes everyone at the same level, no one richer or poorer nor have more pay or less pay. And there is no such thing as private property, government monopolizes with industries. Everyone is an equal and everyone helps each other. This is a revolutionary socialistic concept. The last to understand Socialism is National Socialism. This is Hitler’s form of government, also known as Nazism. This form of government is nothing like Cannery Row’s government, at all. In National Socialism people are not equal, racist, value of property and race are above equality, and the absence of religion. This ideology is almost the complete opposite of socialism that is running through Cannery Row. What is similar is absence of religion, Cannery cease to have any type of religion and the people in the town are no racists at all. Otherwise everything in Cannery Row is the complete opposite of Socialism. â€Å"Many causes converged to upset old beliefs and solidarities of the rich, and to reconstruct some of their relations with one another and with government. They brought some of their troubles on themselves. Others were forced on them by indignantShow MoreRelatedI Got Trapped By My Own Success Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesart of experimentation by experimenting on himself. *** Even living remotely, organizations managed to find Weygers. Among others, he consulted to a broom manufacturer, lock makers, radiant heat installers, and printers, as well as a host of government agencies and military contractors. Weygers lamented that they all operated under a similar misconception, which he called â€Å"the fallacy of the one idea.† â€Å"They think one product will save them, so they gather around that idea as if their livesRead MoreThe Market Crash of 1929 Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesregulations, and subsidies. Yet no single political philosophy or set of coherent goals ever unified these disparate programmes, most of which he developed with the aid of the so-called Brain Trust. This informal group from outside government included professors, lawyers, and others who came to Washington to advise Roosevelt, in particular on economic affairs. Early Legislation Roosevelts overwhelming victory in the 1932 election, coupled with the urgency of theRead MoreThe Tale of the American Dream in Cannery Row by John Steinbeck1525 Words   |  7 Pagesevent until the Cubans began to implement a scorched-earth policy that threatened to damage American investments. At the time the United States held an investment stake of about $50 million in Cuba and an annual trade stake of about $100 million. Government officials also saw use for strategic placement of Cuba. As Senator Lodge put it, â€Å"whoever controlled Cuba, controlled the Gulf [of Mexico]† (Bailey et. al 630) With this realization began the campaign for American intervention. First, the UnitedRead MoreFigures of Quantity. Figures of Quality. Figures of Contrast5858 Words   |  24 Pageswith diffidence. (I.M.) 5. England has been in a dreadful state for some weeks. Lord Coodle would go out. Sir Thomas Doodle wouldnt come in, and there being nobody in Great Britain (to speak of) except Coodle and Doodle, there has been no Government (D.) 6. From her earliest infancy Gertrude was brought up by her aunt. Her aunt had carefully instructed her to Christian principles. She had also taught her Mohammedanism, to make sure. (L.) 7. Shes a charming middle-aged lady withRead MoreStrategic Management: An Integrated Approach Essays11838 Words   |  48 Pagesof a tomato cannery. October was the start of the offseason and work was slow. These circumstances permitted me the opportunity to start my business. A few weeks before Thanksgiving, I began selling to one customer, a well-established local gourmet cherry stand. In early December, I was temporarily laid off from my job at the cannery, which gave me the entire month to focus on my business and customer. I returned to work in January, only to be laid off permanently in March as the cannery was downsizingRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pageswas an unlikely entrant into a dance culture that was still raw and far from respectable. He actually preferred classical music. The club’s name, the Ministry of Sound, ironically recalled Palumbo’s father, a former Minister in the Conservative government of the day. Yet within just 10 years, Palumbo built the Ministry of Sound into a music and media empire worth nearly  £150m. Two years later, Palumbo had quit as chief executive and the Ministry of Sound was looking for a new strategic directionRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesLearning Outcomes 132 Recruiting Goals 134 Factors That Affect Recruiting Efforts 134 DID YOU KNOW?: Something for Everyone 135 Constraints on Recruiting Efforts 135 Organizational Image 135 Job Attractiveness 136 Internal Organizational Policies 136 Government Influence 136 Recruiting Costs 136 Chapter 7 Foundations of Selection 154 Learning Outcomes 154 Introduction 156 The Selection Process 156 Initial Screening 156 Completing the Application Form 157 DIVERSITY ISSUES IN HRM: Interview Questions

Income inequality can be defined as the difference of...

Income inequality can be defined as the difference of distribution of assets, wealth, and income between the populations. The term income inequality refers to the inequality among persons within a society. The topic is commonly debated, and the liberties and rights of people are often brought into the debate being made. In America, it has been said that â€Å"The 400 richest people in the United States have more wealth than the bottom 150 million put together† leading the reader to believe there is a huge inequality problem that is only growing wider. There is no doubt that the income gap in America is growing, with the middle class taking home 9% less than they had in 1999, but I feel that the government does not have the obligation to lessen†¦show more content†¦At first glance, I feel a majority of people will answer yes, the government holds an obligation to lessen the income gap, just as I did. However, after dissection and analysis of the question, more question s are brought up, questions that are not so easily answered. How would the government come about a solution to lessen the income gap? Just as I previously stated, it would be a matter of theft from the wealthy to support the poor, and support their right to equality. This argument does not seem viable, due to the fact that the wealthy persons rights are now being all but forgotten. The redistribution of wealth can be simply put as taking a little from the wealthy, and sprinkling some here and some there, as they should not need all that excess wealth. This ideology sounds like Marxists philosophy, which does not have a history of prevailing. When the government controls and distributes the wealth, what is the motivation to produce more? Higher level of production would only lead to more government interference. Although there is no doubt income inequality exists in the United States, the government does not have the obligation to lessen the gap. A government has the obligation to pr otect citizen’s rights, and the only means of lessening the wage gap that I could find, violated the rights of citizens. Income inequality can be an incentive for people. It encourages creativity necessary to allow people to climb in the ranks ofShow MoreRelatedEconomic Inequality, Inequality And Inequality952 Words   |  4 PagesOECD, the term inequality in the opposite of equity can be defined as evenness or fairness within the social, political, and economic perspectives. Equity forms the core value of both the western democratic tradition and religions. From the concept of equality, inequality can be described as unfair or uneven treatments of the people within the society or unequal distribution of resources, income, and other factors between different sectors in the society. 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A powerful debate whether the middle class is essentially defined by cultural or economic factors still remain s an issue. A rich tradition is devoted to disentangling economic from cultural components of a class. According to Karl Marx, the middle class is an outgrowth of economic factors, primarily capitalism.Read MoreUsing Sociology to Bridge the Opportunity Gap1193 Words   |  5 Pages The current socio-economic climate of the United States and the world at large can best be characterized as one in which access to both opportunity and wealth are increasingly scarce to those living in poverty. While there are a number of contributing factors that create this mass inequality, the scope of this argument will focus on education. The American schooling system is lagging behind globally and the current programs in place are ineffective to the point of being detrimental. This paper assertsRead MoreThe Difference between Zakat, Conventional and Islamic Taxation1547 Words   |  7 PagesMany quasi-public goods also provided by the government because of their large external benefits. To finance those goods and services businesses and households are required to pay taxes. Taxation is among the ways in which government can lessen income inequalities. Taxes are done in order to correct the over allocation of resources associated with negative externalities. Taxation is a method of transferring resources from the private to the public sector. In the early centuries of Islamic StateRead MoreIndi Poverty And Inequality1308 Words   |  6 PagesInequality is defined as the wide gap between a low and a high income within an economy. Poverty is defined as being in the state of extremely poor. India is well renowned for having two classes, those living well above the poverty line, and those living well below. Currently, India is promoting strategies to decrease their percentage of people living under the poverty line. In 2012 the World Bank conducted some research to find out that 21.9% of the countries 1.295 billion, are living under theRead MoreOverview and Importance of Distribution of Income Essay2550 Words   |  11 PagesDistribution of income in any g iven economy is known as how the income is allocated between households. This phenomenon is not to be confused with distribution of wealth which looks at the ownership of assets in an economy, as opposed to the income. The topic of income distribution is a very hot subject due to the perceived income inequality in the United States. It is talked about on a daily basis on almost every political talk show, news program, business news show, and the list goes on. The

On the Problem of Induction Free Essays

A Critique of Nelson Goodman’s Concept of the New Riddle of Induction The development of the method of induction has been privy to the presentation and solution of riddles. At the initial level of its development, it has been privy to the old riddle of induction discovered by Hume. After the solution of the former riddle, however, a new riddle of induction was discovered by Nelson Goodman. We will write a custom essay sample on On the Problem of Induction or any similar topic only for you Order Now In lieu of this, this paper opts to consider the development of the method of induction as a methodology defined by Hume and Goodman’s conception of the Inductive method. Induction refers to â€Å"a method of reasoning by which a general law or principle is inferred from observed particular instances† (Flew 171). The method of inductive inference may be considered as the primary means through which justifications are formulated to show the relationship of evidence towards particular assumptions (Norton 2). The process of induction, in this sense, may be seen to arise whenever we note that evidence lends support to a hypothesis while in the process failing to establish its deductive certainty. It was such a formulation of the method of induction that enabled the conception of the first riddle. What follows is a presentation of the main arguments of the aforementioned riddle as formulated by David Hume. Hume argued that since no necessary connections exists between empirical phenomena, it is always possible that a future observation will prove our inferences wrong no matter how appealing it may have been or how richly supported by past observations. This problem, in the more recent formulations of the problem has been referred to as the uniformity principle [in this sense the lack of such uniformity]. According to the argument, nature has no uniformity. If such is the case it thereby follows that there is no voucher that which ensure the consistency of man’s most refined predictions. It might be argued that such an assumption has never been denied in the formulation of predictions however there has been agreement regarding the results of such an agreement [or lack thereof] within the province of induction. To some, it means that induction is never valid or justified, while to others, it means that induction simply calls for different standards of validity (Landesman 164). The latter view strips the aforementioned riddle [Humean riddle] of its problematic context. This is evident if one considers that since the rules of deductive validity are inapplicable to induction, it cannot be a problem that inductive inference is unavoidably attended by the possibility that a future observation may prove it wrong (Goodman 4). The old riddle is then dismissed because it cannot possibly be the genuine problem of induction. Fact, Fiction, and Forecast present Goodman’s construal of what he refers to as the new riddle of induction. After refuting the old riddle of induction [the refutation of which is evident in the former paragraph], Goodman proceeds to outline what he takes to be the genuine problem of induction and its tentative solution. The problem of induction, he writes, is a problem of demonstrating the difference between valid and invalid predictions (Goodman 4). According to Goodman, a prediction is valid if it conforms to a valid rule of induction, and a rule is valid if it yields valid predictions. He acknowledges that such an assumption is characterized by circularity however he notes that it is important to perceive such a conception of the problem in terms of the conceptions of justifications for arguments.   Goodman notes that inductive predictions based on past regularities work better than those based on any other alternative. If such is the case, the rules for formulating predictions must be constructed in such a way that they will coincide with common practices of inductive reasoning. This, on the other hand, is further developed by the quality of predictions, which it produces. This is clearly explicated by Rubenstein as he notes, â€Å"the centerpiece of a valid inductive logic [according to Goodman] is its reliance on past regularities, and the prescriptive mandate of inductive validity is inseparable from a descriptive account of how inductive judgments are commonly made† (39). This has been the result of Goodman’s dissolution of the old riddle of induction. What follows this is Goodman’s explication that the most promising solution of the aforementioned riddle is untenable. It is through the introduction of such untenability that Goodman presents what he perceives to be the new riddle of induction. Goodman presents two hypotheses that are to be addressed through the use of the inductive method. One says that all emeralds are green and the other says that all emeralds are grue, where grue is said to apply to all things examined before t just in case they are green but to other things just in case they are blue (Goodman 10). Both hypotheses seem to be equally well supported by the evidence: all emeralds examined prior to t have been found to be green and grue. However, the two hypotheses are mutually exclusive. If emeralds are grue, they will be blue at t and thereafter, but if the alternative hypothesis is correct, they will be green. Thus, we are left with the paradox that Goodman christened the ‘new riddle of induction’. We cannot, after all, justify induction by appealing to past regularities. However, the reason, according to Goodman, is not the lack of the elusive uniformity principle, but the previously unrecognized ubiquity of regularities.   According to Goodman, regularities exist where one finds them. In relation to this Goodman states that one, however, finds them everywhere (12). If such is the case, it therefore follows that it is useless to base inductive validity on past regularities since it is not possible to predict and hence distinguish which regularities are valid and invalid. At this point, I would like to present a summary of the aforementioned discussion. In the aforementioned discussion, Goodman believes that the old riddle [the Humean riddle/the uniformity principle] has been dissolved and that induction is justified by past regularities. The only remaining difficulty he sees, however, lies in finding a rule for distinguishing between regularities that do and do not yield valid inductive predictions. As was noted in the above discussion, the possibility of such is not possible. This is evident if one considers that regularity necessitates the occurrence of acts of inductive inference. Therefore, the genuine problem of induction cannot be the distinction between the distinction of regularities that do or do not yield valid inductive predictions since the specification of such necessitates the formulation of inductive inferences. As I reckon, Goodman aforementioned conception fails to account for the process of induction. It is important to note that Goodman contends that induction begins with regularity. Rubenstein notes, â€Å"induction does not begin with regularity – it ends with it† (44). The failure to consider this leads Goodman to misconstrue the problem of induction. It is important to note that experience of reality does not necessarily start with regularities but rather with individual observations. The role of induction, in this sense lies in providing us with justified methods that allows us to posit the observations that we will account for as regularities. Goodman, however, failed to account for this. In addition to this, it is important to note that such a failure can also be traced to Goodman’s assumptions regarding the process in which individuals formulate inferences. Goodman’s error is compounded when he makes a distinction between identifying regularity and projecting it. Once we have decided that our observations represent regularity, it is automatically projected in both temporal directions. This is, in fact, what we mean by applying the term regularity to our data. Furthermore, Stich and Nisbett contend that the â€Å"equilibrium with inductive practices† that Goodman posited as a necessary aspect in formulating a valid inductive methodology is â€Å"neither necessary nor sufficient for a rule of inductive inference to be justified† (194). They argue that such an assumption fails to consider that â€Å"human subjects regularly and systematically make invalid inferences† and that there an instance wherein human reasoning enables an individual to â€Å"accept invalid rules and reject valid one’s that ought to govern the inference at hand† (Stitch and Nisbett 194). In summary, the aforementioned paper presented Goodman’s arguments in relation to his conception of the new riddle in induction. Such a riddle, however, under scrutiny may be seen as based upon a mistaken assumption of the justification process of beliefs that necessitates the introduction of information garnered through the method of induction. This is evident, for example, if one considers the manner in which observations enable the formulation of regularities and not the other way around. An analysis of Goodman’s supposed riddle of induction thereby leaves the reader wondering if such a riddle may be considered as a valid concern for the adherents of the inductive methodology. Works Cited Flew, Anthony.   A Dictionary of Philosophy.   London: Pan Books, 1983. Goodman, Nelson.   Fact, Fiction, and Forecast.   Massachussets: Harvard University Press, 1983. Landesman, Charles.  Ã‚   Skepticism: The Central Issues.   London: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. Rubenstein, Arthur.   â€Å"Induction, Grue Emeralds and Lady Macbeth’s Fallacy.†Ã‚   The Philosophical Quarterly 48.190 (Jan. 1998): 37-49. Stitch, Stephen and Richard Nisbett.   â€Å"Justification and the Psychology of Human Reasoning.’   Philosophy of Science 47.2 (Jun. 1980): 188-202. How to cite On the Problem of Induction, Essay examples

The Moment that Changed My Life Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Moment that Changed My Life Argumentative Essay As I sat in class that day and received the A honor roll certificate with my name on it, my view on life suddenly changed. I realized that while others could mosey along and just get by, that was not what I needed to do. Failure was not an option, I would settle for nothing less that success, and college was the goal I was setting for myself even with the many struggles that were going to come with it. Nothing inspires success more than the feeling of failure. I never quite understood what â€Å"I felt my stomach drop† meant until I received my first failing grade. I had studied so hard for that test and I still failed. We will write a custom essay on The Moment that Changed My Life Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I pondered on that failing grade for several days, and I just couldn’t quite let it go. When I saw the other students in my class had failed also, it just did not even seem to upset them. They acted as if they could care less about a passing grade. I know what was going through their head though, â€Å"oh this is just high school†. Receiving that failing grade made me realize that I needed to apply success in everything in my life. Even if it was â€Å"only high school†, I was not going to fail any more. If I had a careless attitude about failure in high school I was more than likely going to have a careless attitude in other aspects of my life. While failure is a trap that’s easy to fall into, I know that success would be worth working for. Studying was going to be the key to accomplishing many things in my life. I needed to get used to studying because that was going to be the way to success for the rest of high school, and then on to college. While all of the other teenagers in my class were over there talking about the party from last night, that was never really my cup of tea. I had figured out early that I cared way too much about my future to go try to impress someone at a party. I played all of the sports in high school, so I went to school at 8 a. m. and usually didn’t get home until eleven or twelve on Tuesday and Friday nights, and 6 p. m. on any other night of the week. So when I got home all I wanted to do was just go to sleep, but nope I had to do my homework for the next day. It was definitely not what I wanted to be doing late at night but I needed to so I could be successful. Had I not learned to prioritize, I am not sure I would even be going to college. Making it to college is one step closer to success for me. I am the first of my family to apply and go to college. It was also not easy like it was for everyone else to get to college. I had no clue as to what to do to apply, my parents had no clue, so I had to learn from what all of my friends were doing and reach out to other family members for help. My goal is to be successful, and strive for the best in everything I do. I have reached my goal of being the first to make it to college, and I will be the first the graduate. I am not going to let failure get in my way, I am settling for nothing less than success, and I am reaching my goals one step at a time.

7 Tips for Keeping Your Summer Job

7 Tips for Keeping Your Summer Job Its summertime and you’ve landed a great job, and keeping it requires hard work. Since there is considerable competition in the workplace, it is important that you follow a few simple rules that show you have what it takes. Aside from a weekly paycheck, summer employment enhances your resume, and strong letters of recommendation from your employer go a long way when applying for another job. How Many Summer Jobs Are There?The number of summer jobs is holding steady but declining in some industries. Overall, the labor market swells in summer as workers 16 to 24 years of age find employment between April and July each year. In July 2014, 23.4 million individuals in this age group found summer employment, an increase of 1.2 percent over 2013.Summer Jobs Vary by IndustryOverall, the food service industry had the highest percentage of employees during the summer months in 2014. Since restaurants hire more employees during summer vacation when presented with a burgeoning influx of p atrons, this might be a good choice for your job search. The number of sales jobs accounted for about 24 percent, lower than in previous summers.How to Prove Your MettleOnce you have found the job that meets your needs, you want to keep it. Each job has certain demands, and meeting those requirements is important. Knowing what makes you a valuable employee is a step toward becoming one.1. Be PunctualNothing is more important for keeping a business running properly. If one employee is late, it has repercussions on everyone. Leaving for work with time to spare makes sure that roadway conditions or traffic won’t affect you. Some successful employees make it a habit to be at work 10 minutes early every day. It gives them time to relax after the commute and get in the workday mood.2. Be a Team PlayerRemember you are part of a team, and team members support each other. Doing your job and helping another employee if asked, is what members of a team do. If a fellow employee is ill or has an important family affair, offering to switch shifts, or doing a double to help them out shows how much of a team player you are.3. Be NeatLooking neat is what customers see first. If you wear a uniform, make sure it is pressed and clean. Since you represent your employer as you interact with customers, this is something on which most businesses insist.4. Show InitiativeLook around when your duties are at a momentary standstill for something that needs attention. For instance, tables may need to be cleaned, or display cases may need to be straightened. Making the effort shows you have initiative, a prized trait for an employee to have. In addition, letting your employer know that you are willing to take on extra work or shifts is valuable, and your paycheck will reflect the additional hours.5. Stay in the MomentDon’t be on Facebook or talking on your cell phone. That sends a message to your employer that something else is more important than doing your job. For an emplo yer, having an employee who know how to work and puts other activities aside until work is over is essential.6. Be CourteousBeing courteous to customers is vitally important, and both the business patrons and your employer will notice. If your job involves getting a tip, a smile and helpful demeanor may make the difference on how much a customer will leave.7. Show RespectShowing respect has a lot more to it than saying thank you. Responsibility is a form of respect, and being at work every day is your responsibility. If you are unable to be there, call in ahead of time and give your employer enough time to find a replacement for your shift. Some establishments let you make a shift change yourself, so having a good network of fellow workers is important. Don’t make the mistake of calling in sick to spend the day at the beach. It’s amazing how often a fellow employee or the boss will see you there.Let you employer know if you would like to continue working on a long-term basis. If you have proven you have a strong work ethic, he or she might want to accommodate that desire.How to Find a Summer JobUsing a job search site such as TheJobNetwork makes finding summer work easy. You can browse for jobs online or use the platform’s job match function. You upload your preferences and resume, and the system searches for matching jobs 24 hours a day. When appropriate jobs are found, you are sent an email alert. The jobs are ranked according to the information you entered.

Tips to Improve Your French Pronunciation

Tips to Improve Your French Pronunciation Speaking French is more than just knowing the vocabulary and grammar rules. You also need to pronounce the letters correctly. Unless you started learning French as a child, youre unlikely to ever sound like a native speaker, but its certainly not impossible for adults to speak with a decent French accent. Here are some ideas to help you improve your French pronunciation. Learn French Sounds Basic French PronunciationThe first thing you need to do is understand how each letter is usually pronounced in French.Letters in DetailAs in English, some letters have two or more sounds, and letter combinations often make completely new sounds.French AccentsAccents dont show up on certain letters just for decoration - they often give clues about how to pronounce those letters.International Phonetic AlphabetFamiliarize yourself with the pronunciation symbols used in French dictionaries. Get a Decent Dictionary When you see a new word, you can look it up to find out how its pronounced. But if youre using a little pocket dictionary, youll find that many words arent there. When it comes to French dictionaries, bigger really is better. Some French dictionary software even includes sound files. Pronunciation Preparation and Practice Once youve learned how to pronounce everything, you need to practice it. The more you speak, the easier it will be to make all of those sounds. Here are some techniques that can help you in your French accent improvement project. Listen to FrenchThe more you listen to French, the better youll get at hearing and distinguishing between unfamiliar sounds, and the easier it will be for you to produce them yourself.Listen and RepeatSure, this isnt something youd do in real life, but mimicking words or phrases over and over is an excellent way to develop your pronunciation skills. My French audio dictionary has 2,500 sound files of words and short phrases.Listen to YourselfRecord yourself speaking French and then listen carefully to the playback - you might discover pronunciation mistakes that youre not aware of when you speak. Read Out LoudIf youre still stumbling over words with tricky letter combinations or lots of syllables, you definitely need more practice. Try reading out loud to get used to making all of those new sounds. Pronunciation Problems Depending on your native language, certain French sounds and pronunciation concepts are more difficult than others. Take a look at my page on pronunciation difficulties for lessons (with sound files) on some typical trouble spots for English speakers (and possibly others as well). Speak Like the Natives When you learn French, you learn the correct way to say everything, not necessarily the way the French actually say it. Check out my lessons on informal French to learn how to sound more like native speakers: Informal negationInformal pronounsInformal questions Pronunciation Tools Unlike grammar and vocabulary, pronunciation is something that you cant learn by reading (although there are some excellent French pronunciation books). But you really do need to interact with native speakers. Ideally, you would do this face to face, such as by going to France or another French-speaking country, taking a class, working with a tutor, or joining the Alliance franà §aise.If those truly are not an option, at the very least you need to listen to French, such as with these tools: French listening onlineFrench audio booksFrench audio magazinesFrench audio tapes and CDsFrench radioFrench softwareFrench TV The Bottom Line Getting a good French accent is all about practice - both passive (listening) and active (speaking). Practice really does make perfect. Improve Your French Improve your French listening comprehensionImprove your French pronunciationImprove your French reading comprehensionImprove your French verb conjugationsImprove your French vocabulary

The development and future of the Sukuk in Saudi Arabia financial Essay

The development and future of the Sukuk in Saudi Arabia financial services - Essay Example n the global markets This chapter aims to provide a through insight into the research that has been conducted regarding regulation and securitization involving Sukuk. The chapter aims to elaborate the structure of the Sukuk markets and the processes that go into issuing Sukuk and summarize. The global perspective on Sukuk has been thoroughly-researched in the past few years and this has helped us considerably in conducting the present study. Moreover, previous researchers have provided a convergent viewpoint regarding the growth of Sukuk in Muslim as well as non-Muslim countries. A number of definitions of Sukuk have been proposed by researchers and scholars. Sukuk can be regarded as a product of Islamic banking that allows the creation of a system of investment that results in profits for the investor and at the same time aims to comply with the Islamic ban on usury. According to the definition proposed by the Academy of International Modern Studies (2009), Sukuk are referred to as trust certificates or as participation securities1. Sukuk are considered to be ideal tools for the management of liquidity. In general terms, Sukuk could be defined as a structure of Islamic banking that provides assets to the investor with a cash flow2. The word Sukuk is an Arabic word which is a plural of the word sak which refers to any financial certificate. The word Sak is a cognate of the English word Cheque. Sukuk are implemented by following a process of securitization which aims to meet the standards of Islamic financing required by the Shariah and by the national laws of Islamic financing. Another definition that sheds light on the issue of profit and risk taking in the issuing of Sukuk had been proposed by Tan Wan Yean (2009) in his research on Islamic banking quotes the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) definition of Sukuk: â€Å"†¦ certificates of equal value representing, after closing subscription, receipt of the value of

Circuit analysis lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Circuit analysis - Lab Report Example According to ( Sharma)â€Å"Potentiometer also known as pot is generally used in circuits to provide variable resistance or variable voltage†. Here, the transmission of power is possible with DC voltage hence DC ground components are loaded in the software to aid the experiment. The main objective of the study is to understand the relationship between circuit configuration and other components in determining the output of current to the circuit. In the experiment, the main two components are the potentiometer and the LED. For this study, the integral platform is the Multisim software which aids in circuit simulation and designing which in turn gives chance to the researcher to create analyze and optimize circuit board. Here the main objective is to utilize the ideal software like multisim because it helps the experimenter in circuit designing and voltage valuation. The experiment is conducted with the help of Multisim software where circuits in different configuration like parallel, combination and two components are set up. In the first step, the circuit measurements are taken and are fed in to the software. Next through the multisim software, the circuit is constructed. For this purpose, the design layout is used and for the experiment with components the resistor tool section in the software is used. Then the component label is set as R1 and R2 and value is set as 2.2 Kâ„ ¦ and 5.1kâ„ ¦ respectively. Next, the R2 component is arranged vertically by rotating it 90 degree. Then the DC voltage and DC ground components are added in the software with this the component insertion occurs and the sample circuit is showcased in the software space. Further in the experiment the wires are added with voltage value which is 2.1â„ ¦. Then the multimeter is placed above each resistor to gauge the â€Å"voltage drop† and these are called â€Å"XMM1† and â€Å"XMM2† respectively. Later the

Issues with Police Human Rights

Issues with Police Human Rights Chapter one: Introduction and overview 1.1: General Introduction: Police rights and police history has been a subject of limited interest to the scholars of criminal justice, labor history and industrial relations across the world (Baker, 1999). When human rights of police are prescribed and debated, the issue creates much controversy and draws strong reaction from the academician, human rights experts, police controlling authority and public (Marks Fleming, 2006). Police are usually perceived as state agents that serve the interest of the government. They think that police are bound to respect human rights of the population they serve while performing duties and functions specifically during using force, arresting and detention. The members of the police force often claim that they have equal rights and privilege similar to other citizens in addition to their duties and responsibilities. Apparently, there is a clear split between two poles on the one hand each citizen or criminal, whose rights must be respected and protected, and on the other ha nd the police officers who have no rights, responsibility only. This partisan may prompt another debate on whether the police officers have less or more rights and obligations then the rest of the citizens. But it is totally incorrect that police officers have obligations only but no rights. Police are also citizen entitled to the same rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship (Bruce Neild 2005). They are also protected by the same human rights standards (Feiner, 2009). If police are expected to defend democracy and human rights, they should not be denied basic democratic and basic rights (Marks Fleming, 2006). The rights of police officers are constrained by regional, national, and international regulatory frameworks (Marks and Fleming 2006). Sometimes their rights are reduced to such a level that they do not have many basic rights as a citizen in many countries. In Bangladesh, the rights of police officers also seem to be ill-understood and neglected on both intellectual and state level. The prolonged struggle of the police officers for the realization of the rights is not well-documented either in the academic or popular literature. The existing literature, human rights publications and the media while discussing about democratic policing often refer to the police accountability, civilianization of policing, policing outcomes and performance measurement, and community participation and partnerships but they hardly mention about the human rights of the police officers like other citizens of the country. As a result, the rights of police officers are subject to a wide range of violations in and outside the organization. The widespread violation of police rights varies from economic and social rights to civil and political rights, from individual level to collective level. This study attempted to investigate the economic and social rights viol ations of the police officers by narrowing down its focus only on the working environment they operate. The studies approached to examine the police work phenomena from human rights perspective where most of the studies described it from physiological, psychological and organizational perspective. 1.2: Objectives: The primary objective of this research is to depict a real picture of human rights situation of the crime fighters within the organization, to investigate its possible causes and impact on the police individual and society as a whole. The secondary aims include directives for future research into police rights discourse for academician, and to recommend ways to improve human rights situation of the police officers which might help strengthen ongoing Police Reform Program in Bangladesh. I firmly believe that the outcome of the research can contribute to the policy makers of the government and non-government organizations in resolving the human rights abuses in and outside the police organization. 1.3: Research Question: The following questions have been formulated in order to meet the research objectives: which of the economic and social rights of the police members in Bangladesh come under violation? What are the factors leading to the violation of the economic and social rights of police members? What are the possible consequences ofthe violation on victims lifeandon society at large? 1.4 Background to the study 1.4.1 Personal Motivation: Having both the human rights and police background, I perceived I would be the right person that would be able to precisely elucidate the complexity and peculiarity of human rights situation of the police workplace in Bangladesh. Police in Bangladesh are frequently accused of human rights abuse by the national and international human rights organizations (see Amnesty International, 2000, Odhikar, 2009). A number of studies can be done to answer ‘why do police violate human rights. But being an insider, I understand well where the tension between policing and human rights and between the ethics and the practice of policing lies. Nearly five years field level experience with the organization as a mid-level police supervisor has given me an impression that the overall environment where they operate is not congenial to human rights friendly atmosphere both for the general people and the police members. A big share or contribution to the adverse environment is made by the stressful job itself and different kinds of organizational factors. The factors outside the organizations also have a significant role in creating human rights unfriendly environment. Some of the abuses by the police are taking place for personal gain of the individual police members whereas some are the result of imposed burden which they are unable to resist. Resource constraints and staff shortage that put physical, psychological and organization pressure often compel them to exhibit deviance behavior. In addition, deprivation of several basic rights as a consequence of poor working conditions and low wages creates deep frustration and depression among them resulting in strong job dissatisfaction. When all these internal factors combine with other factors, it is very likely that the police officers show up with extreme police deviance behavior having serious impacts on human rights. Unfortunately, no shed of light fell on the fragile and poor working conditions of the police in Bangladesh so far. It is also harder for them to talk to the media, and claim their rights in the same way as the workers in the private sector do through demonstration or strike. As a result, their inhumane sufferings remain beyond the reach of media, human rights activists and general public. In 2005, government introduced police reform programmes assisted by UNDP, DFID and other international donors. The local newspaper being influenced by the programme, sometimes published reports on the organizational problem of the police discretely. However, I did not find any systematic academic researches that have been carried out on the economic and social rights of the Bangladesh police in relation to their workplace. 1.4.2 Relevance in history: The police struggle for their rights across the globe has been long and old. While police officers in Bangladesh are barred from being qualified as worker in the labor law, the police in Australia, Europe, North America and New Zealand are now fully entitled to have equal citizenship rights including economic and social rights (Finnane, 2001). In Europe, British Police stood up to establish their industrial and social rights through police strikes in London and Liverpool in 1918-9 and succeeded to ensure their industrial and social rights many decades ago. Following the British example, the adventurous police unions activities in New Zealand forced the government to mandate police unions and associations during 1919 ( Finnane 2001). There are also a number of instances of force revolt in the history of Bangladesh such as BDR mutiny in 2009. In 1993, subordinate police officers of Dhaka Metropoliton police at the Rajarbagh Police Lines in Dhaka agitated demanding better working condit ions and increased pay (ICG, 2009). Fortunately, it ended up without any bloodshed and increased salaries but many officers got sacked. In 2009, the paramilitary force Bangladesh Rifles which is also regulated by the same ministry, led a murderous uprising in response to poor working conditionss and low pay leaving more than 75 people dead (ICG 2009). 1.4.3 Rationale of the study: Realization of all the human rights including civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights is nearly impossible without social order (Crashaw 2002). Article 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enables everyone to be entitled to the right to social and international order.   It is the police force whose fundamental function is to maintain social order by keeping criminality and social tension or civil unrest at tolerable level through effective policing. The dream of complete policing defined as effective, lawful and humane-would remain a dream only until and unless the police agencies are well managed and well resourced by the respective governments. Only through the promulgation of police code of conduct and ethics, human rights training, monitoring and oversight mechanism will help a little to improve the overall human rights records and performance of the police unless their basic rights remain unheard, unmet and fulfilled. Human rights of more than 150 mil lion people of Bangladesh will also be at risk if police with its limited resources and poor working conditionss fails to maintain social order and stability. 1.4.4 Overview of the study: The real working experiences of one and a half dozen of police officers are explored and analyzed using data obtained from their narratives conversational interviews. With direct reference to the existing available literature, it is attempted to demonstrate that the police members in Bangladesh have also been subject to the violation of economic and social rights in the workplace. But the human rights advocates ignore the close connection between internal and external violation i.e. human rights violation of the police and human rights abuse by the police. As a result, it has been a common practice among the human rights organizations, media and academician to criticize the police-subculture, corruption and lack of human rights training responsible for human rights violation by them. The sufferings and miseries of the police hardly managed to draw attention of the human rights organizations or the academician. The human rights organizations usually end up their duties by suggesting h uman rights training and monitoring mechanism to stop human rights abuses and corruption of the police. Despite the necessity of the human rights training and oversight mechanism, all these efforts may be proved meaningless for them if they do not see the application of those human rights in their practical lives. 1.4.5 Overview of the thesis: The thesis will be presented in six chapters: Chapter One: This chapter presents the background describing my personal view and motivations including primary and secondary objectives. Chapter Two: This chapter briefly describes the study population and the subject area including statistical numbers, facts and figures. Chapter Three: This chapter gives a theoretical and conceptual background of the topic based on existing literature and other secondary source of data. Chapter four: This chapter of methodology and method gives a full description of participant selection, interview process, ethical issues and the challenges to recruitment.   Chapter Five: This chapter explains how data is examined and analyzed to develop the themes expressed by the participants. Chapter Six: In this chapter, Findings are discussed and reviewed with the objectives. This chapter also discusses the implications and limitations of the thesis. 1.4.6 Conclusion: This chapter gives an overall idea on the topic and describes the genesis of the research topic. Personal motivation for undertaking this project and the relevance of the research has also been discussed. It also gives an overview of the research and the chapter outlines. The following chapter discusses about the population under study and the subject area highlighting various aspects of the organization. Chapter two: Demographical and organizational context of the research 2.1 The study population: Bangladesh Police is a national organization with headquarter based in Dhaka. It is answerable to the acting government which controls and oversees the organization under the administrative control by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA). The organization consists of a number of branches and units that mainly include Range and Metropolitan police, traffic, an armed police battalion(APBN), a criminal investigation department (CID), special branch (SB), Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), and training institutions (Shahjahan, 2000). The ‘Range and ‘Metropolitan police are again subdivided into districts, circles, police stations and outposts (Shahjahan 2000, ICG 2009). Bangladesh has a total of 123197 police officers for its over 153 million population (ICG 2009). It means there is only one police officer for more than 1,200 people in Bangladesh. This ratio is probably the lowest ratio among the other South Asian nations, and nearly three times lower than the recommended ratio of 1:450 by the UN (ICG 2009, Appendix C). In some areas for example in Sylhet and Coxbazar district of the country the ratios are 1:3500 and 1: 2000 respectively (ICG 2009). The total force with eighteen ranks can be categorized into gazetted (ASP to IGP) and non-gazetted ranks (Constable to Inspector) which is roughly analogous to commissioned and non-commissioned officers in the military. Subordinate officers with numbers 121,659 have overwhelming majority over the gazetted officers numbering 1538 only (ICG 2009: 8). The Inspector General of Police (IGP), Deputy Inspector General (DIG), Assistant Inspector Generals(AIG) or superintendents of police (SP) and Assistant Superintendent of Police constitute the four gazetted ranks while subordinate ranks include the positions of inspector, sub-inspector, sergeant, and assistant sub-inspector, head constables both armed and unarmed, naiks and constables (ICG 2009:30). Out of 121659 subordinate officers, constables are bulk forces having a figure roughly 88,000. The total number of women police is also very low standing at 1,937 i.e. roughly 1.5 percent in compared to that of other low income countries having 8.5 per cent policewomen (ICG 2009: 9). 2.2 The subject area: In recent years, both the print and electronic media of the country also revealed many facts and figures about the working conditions of the police in Bangladesh. Karzon (2006) in a newspaper article stated that the police in Bangladesh are confronted with many kinds of problem that ranges from weak infrastructure to poor working conditions.Although Bangladesh got independence in 1947 from British rule and got separated from Pakistan in 1971, it has failed to rebuild its police force. The country still retains a colonial system of policing with little change that it inherited from its colonial master ( Karzon, 2006; ). The subsequent governments kept century-old police laws such as the Police Act of 1861; the Evidence Act of 1872; the Criminal Procedure Code of Police of 1898; and Police Regulation of Bengal of 1943 that were primarily devised to deter anti-British movements (Shahjahan, 2000; Karzon, 2006). Many provisions of the outdated laws have flaws and gaps that are inconsisten t with the human rights spirits, rule of law and modern democracy (Karzon, 2006; ICG 2009). Police in Bangladesh particularly the subordinate ranks lead a very difficult and unrewarding life because of deplorable working conditions, abysmal salaries, excessive workload, corrupt and politicized transfer and promotion system (ICG 2009; ). In terms of salary, the top-most police boss draws a monthly salary of Taka 23 000 ($333) while the lowest salary of the organization amounts to Taka 3000 which is just $1.30 a day which is approximately equal to the international poverty line of $1.25 per day (see appendix B). The working hours of the police members are almost double than that of other government employees (Karzon, 2006). It is also reported that they do not have adequate logistic support such as vehicles, prison vans, radios, fuel for vehicles, bicycles, modern weapons and even stationery to write reports (Karzon, 2006; ICG, 2009). Vacation, public holidays, annual and other leaves are rare and unheard and all these problems remain a great source of frustration and low mor ale for the officers (ICG, 2009). The annual budget of $420-million in addition to the resource constrains and staff shortage is simply unable to meet the organizational needs. In a report, another national daily revealed that 99 percent of the policemen blame the poor working conditions and lack of logistic support as major factors that prevent them from performing their duties (The Daily Star, 2007).   It commented that the police members in Bangladesh will continue to lead in human life until and unless salaries are increased, daily work hours are reduced to an acceptable level and all operational costs are met by the government. Referring to Paolo del Mistro, a Police specialist of the UNDP, a newspaper stated, â€Å"the police in Bangladesh are leading unsatisfactory life and they do not enjoy their policing job as it often destroys their self-respect. Moreover, they are not well-equipped† (cited in Azad, 2007).  Ã‚   He blamed the system not the police department fo r the grim working and living conditions. A civil society member in a seminar also stressed the need for increasing the salary and allowances for the police so that the police members change their mindset (The Independent, Bangladesh, 2008). In a round table discussion, another civil society member of the country went further and suggested that police officers with low salaries should be allowed to do other jobs so that they can compensate for the poor pay. He asserted, â€Å"They can not do that as long as their time of duty is not definite† (The Daily Star, August 12, 2007). The police in Bangladesh have a bad reputation for their alleged involvement with corruption and brutality (ICG, 2009). According to Transparency International Bangladesh report, 96.6 per cent of Bangladeshs households experienced some form of corruption that came across with law enforcement agencies (TIB, 2007). Police organization in Bangladesh had been identified as the most corrupt agency among all the government agency (karzon, 2006). A leading national daily of the country in its editorial wrote that the poor working conditions obstruct police to become servant of the people (The daily prothom alo, 2007). It recommended increasing the number of police personnel, vehicle and remuneration of police in addition to improving the poor working condition. Chapter three: Literature Review 3.1 Introduction: This chapter reviews the existing literature and other secondary sources of data that are related to the economic and social rights of police. The complex nature of the issue has been organized into various sections giving different aspects including the causes and consequences if remain unrealized. 3.2 Economic and social rights of police: The concept of human rights of police does not imply a new thought or idea. Rather these are the same rights and benefits to which every citizen is entitled. Referring to police rights, Bruce and Neild asserted: the facts that police are citizens, means they are entitled to the rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship (2005:41). Therefore human rights of police include all the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights (Feiner, 2009; Aitchison, 2004). The rights of police officers are also protected by the same human rights standards enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as in the various regional and international human rights charters such as International Covenant on Economic, Social Cultural rights, and European Convention on Human Rights (United Nations 1948; United Nations 1976; ECHR 1950). The economic and social rights of police are also clearly stated and standardized in the European Social Charter 1961 and the European Code of Pol ice Ethics 2001 (ESC 1961; ECPE 2001). Both the charter provides a set of   standards for police officers including reasonable working hours, rest periods and paid holidays, remuneration enabling them to have a decent standard of living, increased overtime payment, health and safety regulations in the workplace and a system of social security considering their special nature and character of work. Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights and article 6 of the European Social Charter 1961 recognize the right of the police members to form and join trade unions.   International Labour Organization as a specialized international agency of the United Nations set some international labor standards and fundamental rights at work in its various conventions (ILO 1998). It sets standards determining hours of work, shift work, holidays, vacations, wages, social security and policy, accommodation, trade union, collective bargaining, rest and leisure for the workers to promote strong social policies, justice and democratic institutions. The benefits of the work standards set by ILO are equally applicable to the members of police in their work place. But it is important to make clear that the police officers can claim the rights against the state not other citizens. The failure of the state to protect the rights does not give legitimacy to police to resort to violations of human rights of general people or citizens. Police like other employees of the state are the public servants that serve state interest. As an employee or worker, the human rights of a police officer mainly revolve around the economic and social rights that mainly fall into the following categories: labour rights and the right to adequate standard of living, right to food, right to health, right to housing and right to education (Nel Bezuidenbout, 1997:97). The bulk labour rights include the right to trade union, right to organized and collective bargaining, right to rest and leisure, right to no forced labour, right to work and equal pay for equal work. Bruce and Neild also argued that central to recognizing police as citizens revolve around their right to decent conditions of service, the right to form employee representative organizations, and the right to engage in collective bargaining (2005:43). 3.2.1 Democratic policing versus economic and social rights of police: There is a close link â€Å"between organizational police democracy and societal democracy† where citizens are able to participate in decision-making processes and where basic human rights are protected (Marks Fleming, 2006:179). It means police are likely to respond more democratically and humanly if they also experience the benefits of democratic labor and social rights in their organizational set up (Berkley 1969, 46-51). Hence the right of police officers to engage in direct and indirect forms of democratic participation is crucial to rights based awareness. Police rights movement through democratic police union is also consistent with the advancement of democracy and good governance (Finnane, 2002; Prasad Snel, 2004). Police rights movement is now viewed as a countervailing force and broadcasting agendas for social change directed to establish racial justice, gender equality, and urban change (Berkley, 1969; Johnston, 2000; Robinson, 2000; Sklansky, 2005b; OMalley Hutc hinson, 2005). Police union can be seen as a bulk force for them because through the exercise of this right they might get the recognition of other economic and social rights in the workplace. In addition, police democracy brings not only the democratic benefit for them, rather through democratic police rights movement through police union can serve as a necessary internal check against bureaucratic usurpation within the organization (Gammage Stanley, 1972; Fleming Lewis, 2002:92). Despite all the benefits and importance of police trade union as core labor rights of ILO, it creates more controversy and brings criticism from academics, police managers and public than any other labour union. Police organization that allows police union is branded as ‘obdurate organization by the police scholars as the union engages only on their own vested interests such as workplace improvement and status enhancement rather than social justice features (Fogelson, 1977; OMalley, 2005b; Reiner, 1978). The critics argued that this narrowness or ‘bureaucratic conservatism of police union may thwart democratic aspirations within trade union structures (Hyman, 2000; Prasad et al 2004; Burgmann Burgmann, 1998:63). 3.2.2 Positive development towards police rights: A significant change is occurring in the police organizations across the world through the ‘privatization, civilianization, and responsibilization of policing (Marks Fleming, 2006: 193). International Labour Organization recognizes all the employment rights of the police officers except few restrictions for the emergency services (ILO 2004). But in a recent move, the ILO develops codes of practice to promote social dialogue within the public service including emergency service too. In a joint meeting on public emergency service (such as police) in 2003, The ILO adopted a document Guidelines on Social Dialogue for Public Emergency Services in a Changing Environment to promote fundamental labor rights such as the right to form and join trade union,   and collective bargaining. Thus these guidelines of ILO give an indication to its member states to allow the police to unionize and to bargain (ILO 2003a). The international network of police unions has also been attempted to pers uade the ILO to review its conventions (Mark Fleming, 2006).   They quoted Shizue Tomoda, an ILO technical specialist, as saying, â€Å"As long as a large number of member states feel that it is proper for police labor rights to be regulated by national laws, the ILO Secretariat can do little to change the status quo.†(p.189). In parallel with ILO prescription, many nations have promulgated special legislations that enable police officers to be entitled to all the citizenship rights including police union for instance, Police Officers Bill of Rights of USA; the European Social Charter and European Code of Police Ethics in Europe. The modern policing are now centered on the principle of more democracy, more accountability, more equitability, and more professionalism. Police organization within public sector is now defined as growing labor-intensive industry that enables police to be qualified as ‘worker having all the labour rights (Mark Fleming, 2006). Hence, being a member of a labor-intensive industry, they are also equally concerned about the working conditionss and wages (Wellington Winter, 1969; Reiner, 1978).The current global socio-economic climate leads police unions and public sector unions to work more closely with the labour movement in terms of their rights to collective bargaining (Reiner, 1978). EUROCOP, an association of twenty-seven member police organizations across Europe, is also promoting fairness and equal opportunities in the police service of its member organizations (Marks Fleming 2006).   Berkley (1969:46-51) also mentioned about the highly developed police unions across th e Europe such as in Germany, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Griffin (2001), Chief executive officer of the Canadian Professional Police Association noted that the police representatives in Canada are now a part of broad labor union body (Fleming Lewis, 2002). In the United States, Police unions go beyond the narrow interest of the police members promoting the public interests agenda consistent with community preferences in partnership with other police union partner (Magenau Hunt, 1996).   The police federation of Australia is also affiliated and aligned with the national trade union federation (Marks Fleming, 2006). Some unions of Australia (for example, the Northern Territory Police Association NTPA) are now playing a very significant and central role to solve the resource problem of the aboriginal territory. In South Africa, the Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union (POPCRU) established in 1989 is also affiliated to the progressive trade union federation committed t o democratic governance. They defend the socio-economic interests of the communities which is now well-recognized by the international human rights organizations (Marks Fleming, 2004). Police in Lesotho, Zambia, and Botswana who were denied the police rights, called upon the South African police union, POPCRU, to assist them in convincing police authorities and managers about the benefits of police unionization (Hopkins, 2004). 3.3 Theoretical framework: 3.3.1 Occupational police stress: A number of books, reviews of literature and public seminars on the study of the stressful nature of work indicate the growing interest in the field over the past 45 years across the world including America, Britain, Australia and New Zealand (Hurrell, Nelson, Simmons , Buunk de Wolff, 1992; Fried, 1993; Huddleston, 2002). One of the main reasons behind the interest is work-related stress causes huge human and monetary cost (Schuler Van Sell, 1981; Cooper Marshall, 1976; Levi, 1981; Moss, 1981 cited in Parker DeCotiis, 1983). The recent years have also witnessed ‘a sizeable body of literature that examines police stress from a variety of perspective (Webb Smith, 1980:251). This study will look into the police stress from human rights approach taking its physiological, psychological and organizational consequences into account. Even though a certain levels of stress are found in almost all occupations, police work has long been termed as a high stress, high strain and â₠¬Ëœcritical profession (Anshel, 2000, Brown Campbell, 1994; Horn, 1991; Kroes, 1976; Kroes Hurrell, 1975; Raiser, 1974; Reilly DiAngelo, 1990; Violanti Marshall, 1983, Paton 1996a). They are usually the first to reach and the last to leave the scenes of murder, suicides or accidents. One police psychologist stated: â€Å"It is an accepted fact that a police officer is under stress and pressure unequaled by any other profession† (cited in Webb Smith 1980:255). They are frequently confronted with very sad and violent categories of incidents (Carlier, 1999, Carlier Gersons, 1992) and ‘hidden victims of work-related psychological trauma (Paton, 1989, 1994b). Apart from the aforementioned intrinsic job stress, the police stressors may range from critical staff shortage to interaction in and outside the organization. Police stressors within the organization may be characterized as excessive workload, staff shortage, work interfering with family, poor or inadequate equipment or resources, seeing criminals go free and inadequate pay, uncivil interaction with co-workers and administrative hassles (Collins Gibbs, 2003; Davey, Obst, Sheehan, 2001; Morash, Haarr, Kwak, 2006; Pasillas, Follette, Perumean-Chaney, 2006, Huddleston 2002). Rigid organizational structure, shift work, excessive overtime, lack of opportunities for the advancement, workplace discrimination or harassment, administrative pressure to solve the problem, and conflicts over role and responsibility, job transfer, daily hassles, work-related disasters   can also cause serious police stress (Collins Gibbs, 2003; Brown Campbell 1994; Sewell 1993; Pratt Barling, 1988). A p olice officer without the support of his or her family or friend and personal skills is more vulnerable to police stressors (Dewe Guest, 1990; Latach Havlovic, 1992; Tho Issues with Police Human Rights Issues with Police Human Rights Chapter one: Introduction and overview 1.1: General Introduction: Police rights and police history has been a subject of limited interest to the scholars of criminal justice, labor history and industrial relations across the world (Baker, 1999). When human rights of police are prescribed and debated, the issue creates much controversy and draws strong reaction from the academician, human rights experts, police controlling authority and public (Marks Fleming, 2006). Police are usually perceived as state agents that serve the interest of the government. They think that police are bound to respect human rights of the population they serve while performing duties and functions specifically during using force, arresting and detention. The members of the police force often claim that they have equal rights and privilege similar to other citizens in addition to their duties and responsibilities. Apparently, there is a clear split between two poles on the one hand each citizen or criminal, whose rights must be respected and protected, and on the other ha nd the police officers who have no rights, responsibility only. This partisan may prompt another debate on whether the police officers have less or more rights and obligations then the rest of the citizens. But it is totally incorrect that police officers have obligations only but no rights. Police are also citizen entitled to the same rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship (Bruce Neild 2005). They are also protected by the same human rights standards (Feiner, 2009). If police are expected to defend democracy and human rights, they should not be denied basic democratic and basic rights (Marks Fleming, 2006). The rights of police officers are constrained by regional, national, and international regulatory frameworks (Marks and Fleming 2006). Sometimes their rights are reduced to such a level that they do not have many basic rights as a citizen in many countries. In Bangladesh, the rights of police officers also seem to be ill-understood and neglected on both intellectual and state level. The prolonged struggle of the police officers for the realization of the rights is not well-documented either in the academic or popular literature. The existing literature, human rights publications and the media while discussing about democratic policing often refer to the police accountability, civilianization of policing, policing outcomes and performance measurement, and community participation and partnerships but they hardly mention about the human rights of the police officers like other citizens of the country. As a result, the rights of police officers are subject to a wide range of violations in and outside the organization. The widespread violation of police rights varies from economic and social rights to civil and political rights, from individual level to collective level. This study attempted to investigate the economic and social rights viol ations of the police officers by narrowing down its focus only on the working environment they operate. The studies approached to examine the police work phenomena from human rights perspective where most of the studies described it from physiological, psychological and organizational perspective. 1.2: Objectives: The primary objective of this research is to depict a real picture of human rights situation of the crime fighters within the organization, to investigate its possible causes and impact on the police individual and society as a whole. The secondary aims include directives for future research into police rights discourse for academician, and to recommend ways to improve human rights situation of the police officers which might help strengthen ongoing Police Reform Program in Bangladesh. I firmly believe that the outcome of the research can contribute to the policy makers of the government and non-government organizations in resolving the human rights abuses in and outside the police organization. 1.3: Research Question: The following questions have been formulated in order to meet the research objectives: which of the economic and social rights of the police members in Bangladesh come under violation? What are the factors leading to the violation of the economic and social rights of police members? What are the possible consequences ofthe violation on victims lifeandon society at large? 1.4 Background to the study 1.4.1 Personal Motivation: Having both the human rights and police background, I perceived I would be the right person that would be able to precisely elucidate the complexity and peculiarity of human rights situation of the police workplace in Bangladesh. Police in Bangladesh are frequently accused of human rights abuse by the national and international human rights organizations (see Amnesty International, 2000, Odhikar, 2009). A number of studies can be done to answer ‘why do police violate human rights. But being an insider, I understand well where the tension between policing and human rights and between the ethics and the practice of policing lies. Nearly five years field level experience with the organization as a mid-level police supervisor has given me an impression that the overall environment where they operate is not congenial to human rights friendly atmosphere both for the general people and the police members. A big share or contribution to the adverse environment is made by the stressful job itself and different kinds of organizational factors. The factors outside the organizations also have a significant role in creating human rights unfriendly environment. Some of the abuses by the police are taking place for personal gain of the individual police members whereas some are the result of imposed burden which they are unable to resist. Resource constraints and staff shortage that put physical, psychological and organization pressure often compel them to exhibit deviance behavior. In addition, deprivation of several basic rights as a consequence of poor working conditions and low wages creates deep frustration and depression among them resulting in strong job dissatisfaction. When all these internal factors combine with other factors, it is very likely that the police officers show up with extreme police deviance behavior having serious impacts on human rights. Unfortunately, no shed of light fell on the fragile and poor working conditions of the police in Bangladesh so far. It is also harder for them to talk to the media, and claim their rights in the same way as the workers in the private sector do through demonstration or strike. As a result, their inhumane sufferings remain beyond the reach of media, human rights activists and general public. In 2005, government introduced police reform programmes assisted by UNDP, DFID and other international donors. The local newspaper being influenced by the programme, sometimes published reports on the organizational problem of the police discretely. However, I did not find any systematic academic researches that have been carried out on the economic and social rights of the Bangladesh police in relation to their workplace. 1.4.2 Relevance in history: The police struggle for their rights across the globe has been long and old. While police officers in Bangladesh are barred from being qualified as worker in the labor law, the police in Australia, Europe, North America and New Zealand are now fully entitled to have equal citizenship rights including economic and social rights (Finnane, 2001). In Europe, British Police stood up to establish their industrial and social rights through police strikes in London and Liverpool in 1918-9 and succeeded to ensure their industrial and social rights many decades ago. Following the British example, the adventurous police unions activities in New Zealand forced the government to mandate police unions and associations during 1919 ( Finnane 2001). There are also a number of instances of force revolt in the history of Bangladesh such as BDR mutiny in 2009. In 1993, subordinate police officers of Dhaka Metropoliton police at the Rajarbagh Police Lines in Dhaka agitated demanding better working condit ions and increased pay (ICG, 2009). Fortunately, it ended up without any bloodshed and increased salaries but many officers got sacked. In 2009, the paramilitary force Bangladesh Rifles which is also regulated by the same ministry, led a murderous uprising in response to poor working conditionss and low pay leaving more than 75 people dead (ICG 2009). 1.4.3 Rationale of the study: Realization of all the human rights including civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights is nearly impossible without social order (Crashaw 2002). Article 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enables everyone to be entitled to the right to social and international order.   It is the police force whose fundamental function is to maintain social order by keeping criminality and social tension or civil unrest at tolerable level through effective policing. The dream of complete policing defined as effective, lawful and humane-would remain a dream only until and unless the police agencies are well managed and well resourced by the respective governments. Only through the promulgation of police code of conduct and ethics, human rights training, monitoring and oversight mechanism will help a little to improve the overall human rights records and performance of the police unless their basic rights remain unheard, unmet and fulfilled. Human rights of more than 150 mil lion people of Bangladesh will also be at risk if police with its limited resources and poor working conditionss fails to maintain social order and stability. 1.4.4 Overview of the study: The real working experiences of one and a half dozen of police officers are explored and analyzed using data obtained from their narratives conversational interviews. With direct reference to the existing available literature, it is attempted to demonstrate that the police members in Bangladesh have also been subject to the violation of economic and social rights in the workplace. But the human rights advocates ignore the close connection between internal and external violation i.e. human rights violation of the police and human rights abuse by the police. As a result, it has been a common practice among the human rights organizations, media and academician to criticize the police-subculture, corruption and lack of human rights training responsible for human rights violation by them. The sufferings and miseries of the police hardly managed to draw attention of the human rights organizations or the academician. The human rights organizations usually end up their duties by suggesting h uman rights training and monitoring mechanism to stop human rights abuses and corruption of the police. Despite the necessity of the human rights training and oversight mechanism, all these efforts may be proved meaningless for them if they do not see the application of those human rights in their practical lives. 1.4.5 Overview of the thesis: The thesis will be presented in six chapters: Chapter One: This chapter presents the background describing my personal view and motivations including primary and secondary objectives. Chapter Two: This chapter briefly describes the study population and the subject area including statistical numbers, facts and figures. Chapter Three: This chapter gives a theoretical and conceptual background of the topic based on existing literature and other secondary source of data. Chapter four: This chapter of methodology and method gives a full description of participant selection, interview process, ethical issues and the challenges to recruitment.   Chapter Five: This chapter explains how data is examined and analyzed to develop the themes expressed by the participants. Chapter Six: In this chapter, Findings are discussed and reviewed with the objectives. This chapter also discusses the implications and limitations of the thesis. 1.4.6 Conclusion: This chapter gives an overall idea on the topic and describes the genesis of the research topic. Personal motivation for undertaking this project and the relevance of the research has also been discussed. It also gives an overview of the research and the chapter outlines. The following chapter discusses about the population under study and the subject area highlighting various aspects of the organization. Chapter two: Demographical and organizational context of the research 2.1 The study population: Bangladesh Police is a national organization with headquarter based in Dhaka. It is answerable to the acting government which controls and oversees the organization under the administrative control by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA). The organization consists of a number of branches and units that mainly include Range and Metropolitan police, traffic, an armed police battalion(APBN), a criminal investigation department (CID), special branch (SB), Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), and training institutions (Shahjahan, 2000). The ‘Range and ‘Metropolitan police are again subdivided into districts, circles, police stations and outposts (Shahjahan 2000, ICG 2009). Bangladesh has a total of 123197 police officers for its over 153 million population (ICG 2009). It means there is only one police officer for more than 1,200 people in Bangladesh. This ratio is probably the lowest ratio among the other South Asian nations, and nearly three times lower than the recommended ratio of 1:450 by the UN (ICG 2009, Appendix C). In some areas for example in Sylhet and Coxbazar district of the country the ratios are 1:3500 and 1: 2000 respectively (ICG 2009). The total force with eighteen ranks can be categorized into gazetted (ASP to IGP) and non-gazetted ranks (Constable to Inspector) which is roughly analogous to commissioned and non-commissioned officers in the military. Subordinate officers with numbers 121,659 have overwhelming majority over the gazetted officers numbering 1538 only (ICG 2009: 8). The Inspector General of Police (IGP), Deputy Inspector General (DIG), Assistant Inspector Generals(AIG) or superintendents of police (SP) and Assistant Superintendent of Police constitute the four gazetted ranks while subordinate ranks include the positions of inspector, sub-inspector, sergeant, and assistant sub-inspector, head constables both armed and unarmed, naiks and constables (ICG 2009:30). Out of 121659 subordinate officers, constables are bulk forces having a figure roughly 88,000. The total number of women police is also very low standing at 1,937 i.e. roughly 1.5 percent in compared to that of other low income countries having 8.5 per cent policewomen (ICG 2009: 9). 2.2 The subject area: In recent years, both the print and electronic media of the country also revealed many facts and figures about the working conditions of the police in Bangladesh. Karzon (2006) in a newspaper article stated that the police in Bangladesh are confronted with many kinds of problem that ranges from weak infrastructure to poor working conditions.Although Bangladesh got independence in 1947 from British rule and got separated from Pakistan in 1971, it has failed to rebuild its police force. The country still retains a colonial system of policing with little change that it inherited from its colonial master ( Karzon, 2006; ). The subsequent governments kept century-old police laws such as the Police Act of 1861; the Evidence Act of 1872; the Criminal Procedure Code of Police of 1898; and Police Regulation of Bengal of 1943 that were primarily devised to deter anti-British movements (Shahjahan, 2000; Karzon, 2006). Many provisions of the outdated laws have flaws and gaps that are inconsisten t with the human rights spirits, rule of law and modern democracy (Karzon, 2006; ICG 2009). Police in Bangladesh particularly the subordinate ranks lead a very difficult and unrewarding life because of deplorable working conditions, abysmal salaries, excessive workload, corrupt and politicized transfer and promotion system (ICG 2009; ). In terms of salary, the top-most police boss draws a monthly salary of Taka 23 000 ($333) while the lowest salary of the organization amounts to Taka 3000 which is just $1.30 a day which is approximately equal to the international poverty line of $1.25 per day (see appendix B). The working hours of the police members are almost double than that of other government employees (Karzon, 2006). It is also reported that they do not have adequate logistic support such as vehicles, prison vans, radios, fuel for vehicles, bicycles, modern weapons and even stationery to write reports (Karzon, 2006; ICG, 2009). Vacation, public holidays, annual and other leaves are rare and unheard and all these problems remain a great source of frustration and low mor ale for the officers (ICG, 2009). The annual budget of $420-million in addition to the resource constrains and staff shortage is simply unable to meet the organizational needs. In a report, another national daily revealed that 99 percent of the policemen blame the poor working conditions and lack of logistic support as major factors that prevent them from performing their duties (The Daily Star, 2007).   It commented that the police members in Bangladesh will continue to lead in human life until and unless salaries are increased, daily work hours are reduced to an acceptable level and all operational costs are met by the government. Referring to Paolo del Mistro, a Police specialist of the UNDP, a newspaper stated, â€Å"the police in Bangladesh are leading unsatisfactory life and they do not enjoy their policing job as it often destroys their self-respect. Moreover, they are not well-equipped† (cited in Azad, 2007).  Ã‚   He blamed the system not the police department fo r the grim working and living conditions. A civil society member in a seminar also stressed the need for increasing the salary and allowances for the police so that the police members change their mindset (The Independent, Bangladesh, 2008). In a round table discussion, another civil society member of the country went further and suggested that police officers with low salaries should be allowed to do other jobs so that they can compensate for the poor pay. He asserted, â€Å"They can not do that as long as their time of duty is not definite† (The Daily Star, August 12, 2007). The police in Bangladesh have a bad reputation for their alleged involvement with corruption and brutality (ICG, 2009). According to Transparency International Bangladesh report, 96.6 per cent of Bangladeshs households experienced some form of corruption that came across with law enforcement agencies (TIB, 2007). Police organization in Bangladesh had been identified as the most corrupt agency among all the government agency (karzon, 2006). A leading national daily of the country in its editorial wrote that the poor working conditions obstruct police to become servant of the people (The daily prothom alo, 2007). It recommended increasing the number of police personnel, vehicle and remuneration of police in addition to improving the poor working condition. Chapter three: Literature Review 3.1 Introduction: This chapter reviews the existing literature and other secondary sources of data that are related to the economic and social rights of police. The complex nature of the issue has been organized into various sections giving different aspects including the causes and consequences if remain unrealized. 3.2 Economic and social rights of police: The concept of human rights of police does not imply a new thought or idea. Rather these are the same rights and benefits to which every citizen is entitled. Referring to police rights, Bruce and Neild asserted: the facts that police are citizens, means they are entitled to the rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship (2005:41). Therefore human rights of police include all the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights (Feiner, 2009; Aitchison, 2004). The rights of police officers are also protected by the same human rights standards enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as in the various regional and international human rights charters such as International Covenant on Economic, Social Cultural rights, and European Convention on Human Rights (United Nations 1948; United Nations 1976; ECHR 1950). The economic and social rights of police are also clearly stated and standardized in the European Social Charter 1961 and the European Code of Pol ice Ethics 2001 (ESC 1961; ECPE 2001). Both the charter provides a set of   standards for police officers including reasonable working hours, rest periods and paid holidays, remuneration enabling them to have a decent standard of living, increased overtime payment, health and safety regulations in the workplace and a system of social security considering their special nature and character of work. Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights and article 6 of the European Social Charter 1961 recognize the right of the police members to form and join trade unions.   International Labour Organization as a specialized international agency of the United Nations set some international labor standards and fundamental rights at work in its various conventions (ILO 1998). It sets standards determining hours of work, shift work, holidays, vacations, wages, social security and policy, accommodation, trade union, collective bargaining, rest and leisure for the workers to promote strong social policies, justice and democratic institutions. The benefits of the work standards set by ILO are equally applicable to the members of police in their work place. But it is important to make clear that the police officers can claim the rights against the state not other citizens. The failure of the state to protect the rights does not give legitimacy to police to resort to violations of human rights of general people or citizens. Police like other employees of the state are the public servants that serve state interest. As an employee or worker, the human rights of a police officer mainly revolve around the economic and social rights that mainly fall into the following categories: labour rights and the right to adequate standard of living, right to food, right to health, right to housing and right to education (Nel Bezuidenbout, 1997:97). The bulk labour rights include the right to trade union, right to organized and collective bargaining, right to rest and leisure, right to no forced labour, right to work and equal pay for equal work. Bruce and Neild also argued that central to recognizing police as citizens revolve around their right to decent conditions of service, the right to form employee representative organizations, and the right to engage in collective bargaining (2005:43). 3.2.1 Democratic policing versus economic and social rights of police: There is a close link â€Å"between organizational police democracy and societal democracy† where citizens are able to participate in decision-making processes and where basic human rights are protected (Marks Fleming, 2006:179). It means police are likely to respond more democratically and humanly if they also experience the benefits of democratic labor and social rights in their organizational set up (Berkley 1969, 46-51). Hence the right of police officers to engage in direct and indirect forms of democratic participation is crucial to rights based awareness. Police rights movement through democratic police union is also consistent with the advancement of democracy and good governance (Finnane, 2002; Prasad Snel, 2004). Police rights movement is now viewed as a countervailing force and broadcasting agendas for social change directed to establish racial justice, gender equality, and urban change (Berkley, 1969; Johnston, 2000; Robinson, 2000; Sklansky, 2005b; OMalley Hutc hinson, 2005). Police union can be seen as a bulk force for them because through the exercise of this right they might get the recognition of other economic and social rights in the workplace. In addition, police democracy brings not only the democratic benefit for them, rather through democratic police rights movement through police union can serve as a necessary internal check against bureaucratic usurpation within the organization (Gammage Stanley, 1972; Fleming Lewis, 2002:92). Despite all the benefits and importance of police trade union as core labor rights of ILO, it creates more controversy and brings criticism from academics, police managers and public than any other labour union. Police organization that allows police union is branded as ‘obdurate organization by the police scholars as the union engages only on their own vested interests such as workplace improvement and status enhancement rather than social justice features (Fogelson, 1977; OMalley, 2005b; Reiner, 1978). The critics argued that this narrowness or ‘bureaucratic conservatism of police union may thwart democratic aspirations within trade union structures (Hyman, 2000; Prasad et al 2004; Burgmann Burgmann, 1998:63). 3.2.2 Positive development towards police rights: A significant change is occurring in the police organizations across the world through the ‘privatization, civilianization, and responsibilization of policing (Marks Fleming, 2006: 193). International Labour Organization recognizes all the employment rights of the police officers except few restrictions for the emergency services (ILO 2004). But in a recent move, the ILO develops codes of practice to promote social dialogue within the public service including emergency service too. In a joint meeting on public emergency service (such as police) in 2003, The ILO adopted a document Guidelines on Social Dialogue for Public Emergency Services in a Changing Environment to promote fundamental labor rights such as the right to form and join trade union,   and collective bargaining. Thus these guidelines of ILO give an indication to its member states to allow the police to unionize and to bargain (ILO 2003a). The international network of police unions has also been attempted to pers uade the ILO to review its conventions (Mark Fleming, 2006).   They quoted Shizue Tomoda, an ILO technical specialist, as saying, â€Å"As long as a large number of member states feel that it is proper for police labor rights to be regulated by national laws, the ILO Secretariat can do little to change the status quo.†(p.189). In parallel with ILO prescription, many nations have promulgated special legislations that enable police officers to be entitled to all the citizenship rights including police union for instance, Police Officers Bill of Rights of USA; the European Social Charter and European Code of Police Ethics in Europe. The modern policing are now centered on the principle of more democracy, more accountability, more equitability, and more professionalism. Police organization within public sector is now defined as growing labor-intensive industry that enables police to be qualified as ‘worker having all the labour rights (Mark Fleming, 2006). Hence, being a member of a labor-intensive industry, they are also equally concerned about the working conditionss and wages (Wellington Winter, 1969; Reiner, 1978).The current global socio-economic climate leads police unions and public sector unions to work more closely with the labour movement in terms of their rights to collective bargaining (Reiner, 1978). EUROCOP, an association of twenty-seven member police organizations across Europe, is also promoting fairness and equal opportunities in the police service of its member organizations (Marks Fleming 2006).   Berkley (1969:46-51) also mentioned about the highly developed police unions across th e Europe such as in Germany, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Griffin (2001), Chief executive officer of the Canadian Professional Police Association noted that the police representatives in Canada are now a part of broad labor union body (Fleming Lewis, 2002). In the United States, Police unions go beyond the narrow interest of the police members promoting the public interests agenda consistent with community preferences in partnership with other police union partner (Magenau Hunt, 1996).   The police federation of Australia is also affiliated and aligned with the national trade union federation (Marks Fleming, 2006). Some unions of Australia (for example, the Northern Territory Police Association NTPA) are now playing a very significant and central role to solve the resource problem of the aboriginal territory. In South Africa, the Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union (POPCRU) established in 1989 is also affiliated to the progressive trade union federation committed t o democratic governance. They defend the socio-economic interests of the communities which is now well-recognized by the international human rights organizations (Marks Fleming, 2004). Police in Lesotho, Zambia, and Botswana who were denied the police rights, called upon the South African police union, POPCRU, to assist them in convincing police authorities and managers about the benefits of police unionization (Hopkins, 2004). 3.3 Theoretical framework: 3.3.1 Occupational police stress: A number of books, reviews of literature and public seminars on the study of the stressful nature of work indicate the growing interest in the field over the past 45 years across the world including America, Britain, Australia and New Zealand (Hurrell, Nelson, Simmons , Buunk de Wolff, 1992; Fried, 1993; Huddleston, 2002). One of the main reasons behind the interest is work-related stress causes huge human and monetary cost (Schuler Van Sell, 1981; Cooper Marshall, 1976; Levi, 1981; Moss, 1981 cited in Parker DeCotiis, 1983). The recent years have also witnessed ‘a sizeable body of literature that examines police stress from a variety of perspective (Webb Smith, 1980:251). This study will look into the police stress from human rights approach taking its physiological, psychological and organizational consequences into account. Even though a certain levels of stress are found in almost all occupations, police work has long been termed as a high stress, high strain and â₠¬Ëœcritical profession (Anshel, 2000, Brown Campbell, 1994; Horn, 1991; Kroes, 1976; Kroes Hurrell, 1975; Raiser, 1974; Reilly DiAngelo, 1990; Violanti Marshall, 1983, Paton 1996a). They are usually the first to reach and the last to leave the scenes of murder, suicides or accidents. One police psychologist stated: â€Å"It is an accepted fact that a police officer is under stress and pressure unequaled by any other profession† (cited in Webb Smith 1980:255). They are frequently confronted with very sad and violent categories of incidents (Carlier, 1999, Carlier Gersons, 1992) and ‘hidden victims of work-related psychological trauma (Paton, 1989, 1994b). Apart from the aforementioned intrinsic job stress, the police stressors may range from critical staff shortage to interaction in and outside the organization. Police stressors within the organization may be characterized as excessive workload, staff shortage, work interfering with family, poor or inadequate equipment or resources, seeing criminals go free and inadequate pay, uncivil interaction with co-workers and administrative hassles (Collins Gibbs, 2003; Davey, Obst, Sheehan, 2001; Morash, Haarr, Kwak, 2006; Pasillas, Follette, Perumean-Chaney, 2006, Huddleston 2002). Rigid organizational structure, shift work, excessive overtime, lack of opportunities for the advancement, workplace discrimination or harassment, administrative pressure to solve the problem, and conflicts over role and responsibility, job transfer, daily hassles, work-related disasters   can also cause serious police stress (Collins Gibbs, 2003; Brown Campbell 1994; Sewell 1993; Pratt Barling, 1988). A p olice officer without the support of his or her family or friend and personal skills is more vulnerable to police stressors (Dewe Guest, 1990; Latach Havlovic, 1992; Tho