Issues with Police Human Rights

Issues with Police Human Rights Chapter one: Introduction and overview 1.1: General Introduction: Police rights and police history has been a subject of limited interest to the scholars of criminal justice, labor history and industrial relations across the world (Baker, 1999). When human rights of police are prescribed and debated, the issue creates much controversy and draws strong reaction from the academician, human rights experts, police controlling authority and public (Marks Fleming, 2006). Police are usually perceived as state agents that serve the interest of the government. They think that police are bound to respect human rights of the population they serve while performing duties and functions specifically during using force, arresting and detention. The members of the police force often claim that they have equal rights and privilege similar to other citizens in addition to their duties and responsibilities. Apparently, there is a clear split between two poles on the one hand each citizen or criminal, whose rights must be respected and protected, and on the other ha nd the police officers who have no rights, responsibility only. This partisan may prompt another debate on whether the police officers have less or more rights and obligations then the rest of the citizens. But it is totally incorrect that police officers have obligations only but no rights. Police are also citizen entitled to the same rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship (Bruce Neild 2005). They are also protected by the same human rights standards (Feiner, 2009). If police are expected to defend democracy and human rights, they should not be denied basic democratic and basic rights (Marks Fleming, 2006). The rights of police officers are constrained by regional, national, and international regulatory frameworks (Marks and Fleming 2006). Sometimes their rights are reduced to such a level that they do not have many basic rights as a citizen in many countries. In Bangladesh, the rights of police officers also seem to be ill-understood and neglected on both intellectual and state level. The prolonged struggle of the police officers for the realization of the rights is not well-documented either in the academic or popular literature. The existing literature, human rights publications and the media while discussing about democratic policing often refer to the police accountability, civilianization of policing, policing outcomes and performance measurement, and community participation and partnerships but they hardly mention about the human rights of the police officers like other citizens of the country. As a result, the rights of police officers are subject to a wide range of violations in and outside the organization. The widespread violation of police rights varies from economic and social rights to civil and political rights, from individual level to collective level. This study attempted to investigate the economic and social rights viol ations of the police officers by narrowing down its focus only on the working environment they operate. The studies approached to examine the police work phenomena from human rights perspective where most of the studies described it from physiological, psychological and organizational perspective. 1.2: Objectives: The primary objective of this research is to depict a real picture of human rights situation of the crime fighters within the organization, to investigate its possible causes and impact on the police individual and society as a whole. The secondary aims include directives for future research into police rights discourse for academician, and to recommend ways to improve human rights situation of the police officers which might help strengthen ongoing Police Reform Program in Bangladesh. I firmly believe that the outcome of the research can contribute to the policy makers of the government and non-government organizations in resolving the human rights abuses in and outside the police organization. 1.3: Research Question: The following questions have been formulated in order to meet the research objectives: which of the economic and social rights of the police members in Bangladesh come under violation? What are the factors leading to the violation of the economic and social rights of police members? What are the possible consequences ofthe violation on victims lifeandon society at large? 1.4 Background to the study 1.4.1 Personal Motivation: Having both the human rights and police background, I perceived I would be the right person that would be able to precisely elucidate the complexity and peculiarity of human rights situation of the police workplace in Bangladesh. Police in Bangladesh are frequently accused of human rights abuse by the national and international human rights organizations (see Amnesty International, 2000, Odhikar, 2009). A number of studies can be done to answer ‘why do police violate human rights. But being an insider, I understand well where the tension between policing and human rights and between the ethics and the practice of policing lies. Nearly five years field level experience with the organization as a mid-level police supervisor has given me an impression that the overall environment where they operate is not congenial to human rights friendly atmosphere both for the general people and the police members. A big share or contribution to the adverse environment is made by the stressful job itself and different kinds of organizational factors. The factors outside the organizations also have a significant role in creating human rights unfriendly environment. Some of the abuses by the police are taking place for personal gain of the individual police members whereas some are the result of imposed burden which they are unable to resist. Resource constraints and staff shortage that put physical, psychological and organization pressure often compel them to exhibit deviance behavior. In addition, deprivation of several basic rights as a consequence of poor working conditions and low wages creates deep frustration and depression among them resulting in strong job dissatisfaction. When all these internal factors combine with other factors, it is very likely that the police officers show up with extreme police deviance behavior having serious impacts on human rights. Unfortunately, no shed of light fell on the fragile and poor working conditions of the police in Bangladesh so far. It is also harder for them to talk to the media, and claim their rights in the same way as the workers in the private sector do through demonstration or strike. As a result, their inhumane sufferings remain beyond the reach of media, human rights activists and general public. In 2005, government introduced police reform programmes assisted by UNDP, DFID and other international donors. The local newspaper being influenced by the programme, sometimes published reports on the organizational problem of the police discretely. However, I did not find any systematic academic researches that have been carried out on the economic and social rights of the Bangladesh police in relation to their workplace. 1.4.2 Relevance in history: The police struggle for their rights across the globe has been long and old. While police officers in Bangladesh are barred from being qualified as worker in the labor law, the police in Australia, Europe, North America and New Zealand are now fully entitled to have equal citizenship rights including economic and social rights (Finnane, 2001). In Europe, British Police stood up to establish their industrial and social rights through police strikes in London and Liverpool in 1918-9 and succeeded to ensure their industrial and social rights many decades ago. Following the British example, the adventurous police unions activities in New Zealand forced the government to mandate police unions and associations during 1919 ( Finnane 2001). There are also a number of instances of force revolt in the history of Bangladesh such as BDR mutiny in 2009. In 1993, subordinate police officers of Dhaka Metropoliton police at the Rajarbagh Police Lines in Dhaka agitated demanding better working condit ions and increased pay (ICG, 2009). Fortunately, it ended up without any bloodshed and increased salaries but many officers got sacked. In 2009, the paramilitary force Bangladesh Rifles which is also regulated by the same ministry, led a murderous uprising in response to poor working conditionss and low pay leaving more than 75 people dead (ICG 2009). 1.4.3 Rationale of the study: Realization of all the human rights including civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights is nearly impossible without social order (Crashaw 2002). Article 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enables everyone to be entitled to the right to social and international order.   It is the police force whose fundamental function is to maintain social order by keeping criminality and social tension or civil unrest at tolerable level through effective policing. The dream of complete policing defined as effective, lawful and humane-would remain a dream only until and unless the police agencies are well managed and well resourced by the respective governments. Only through the promulgation of police code of conduct and ethics, human rights training, monitoring and oversight mechanism will help a little to improve the overall human rights records and performance of the police unless their basic rights remain unheard, unmet and fulfilled. Human rights of more than 150 mil lion people of Bangladesh will also be at risk if police with its limited resources and poor working conditionss fails to maintain social order and stability. 1.4.4 Overview of the study: The real working experiences of one and a half dozen of police officers are explored and analyzed using data obtained from their narratives conversational interviews. With direct reference to the existing available literature, it is attempted to demonstrate that the police members in Bangladesh have also been subject to the violation of economic and social rights in the workplace. But the human rights advocates ignore the close connection between internal and external violation i.e. human rights violation of the police and human rights abuse by the police. As a result, it has been a common practice among the human rights organizations, media and academician to criticize the police-subculture, corruption and lack of human rights training responsible for human rights violation by them. The sufferings and miseries of the police hardly managed to draw attention of the human rights organizations or the academician. The human rights organizations usually end up their duties by suggesting h uman rights training and monitoring mechanism to stop human rights abuses and corruption of the police. Despite the necessity of the human rights training and oversight mechanism, all these efforts may be proved meaningless for them if they do not see the application of those human rights in their practical lives. 1.4.5 Overview of the thesis: The thesis will be presented in six chapters: Chapter One: This chapter presents the background describing my personal view and motivations including primary and secondary objectives. Chapter Two: This chapter briefly describes the study population and the subject area including statistical numbers, facts and figures. Chapter Three: This chapter gives a theoretical and conceptual background of the topic based on existing literature and other secondary source of data. Chapter four: This chapter of methodology and method gives a full description of participant selection, interview process, ethical issues and the challenges to recruitment.   Chapter Five: This chapter explains how data is examined and analyzed to develop the themes expressed by the participants. Chapter Six: In this chapter, Findings are discussed and reviewed with the objectives. This chapter also discusses the implications and limitations of the thesis. 1.4.6 Conclusion: This chapter gives an overall idea on the topic and describes the genesis of the research topic. Personal motivation for undertaking this project and the relevance of the research has also been discussed. It also gives an overview of the research and the chapter outlines. The following chapter discusses about the population under study and the subject area highlighting various aspects of the organization. Chapter two: Demographical and organizational context of the research 2.1 The study population: Bangladesh Police is a national organization with headquarter based in Dhaka. It is answerable to the acting government which controls and oversees the organization under the administrative control by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA). The organization consists of a number of branches and units that mainly include Range and Metropolitan police, traffic, an armed police battalion(APBN), a criminal investigation department (CID), special branch (SB), Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), and training institutions (Shahjahan, 2000). The ‘Range and ‘Metropolitan police are again subdivided into districts, circles, police stations and outposts (Shahjahan 2000, ICG 2009). Bangladesh has a total of 123197 police officers for its over 153 million population (ICG 2009). It means there is only one police officer for more than 1,200 people in Bangladesh. This ratio is probably the lowest ratio among the other South Asian nations, and nearly three times lower than the recommended ratio of 1:450 by the UN (ICG 2009, Appendix C). In some areas for example in Sylhet and Coxbazar district of the country the ratios are 1:3500 and 1: 2000 respectively (ICG 2009). The total force with eighteen ranks can be categorized into gazetted (ASP to IGP) and non-gazetted ranks (Constable to Inspector) which is roughly analogous to commissioned and non-commissioned officers in the military. Subordinate officers with numbers 121,659 have overwhelming majority over the gazetted officers numbering 1538 only (ICG 2009: 8). The Inspector General of Police (IGP), Deputy Inspector General (DIG), Assistant Inspector Generals(AIG) or superintendents of police (SP) and Assistant Superintendent of Police constitute the four gazetted ranks while subordinate ranks include the positions of inspector, sub-inspector, sergeant, and assistant sub-inspector, head constables both armed and unarmed, naiks and constables (ICG 2009:30). Out of 121659 subordinate officers, constables are bulk forces having a figure roughly 88,000. The total number of women police is also very low standing at 1,937 i.e. roughly 1.5 percent in compared to that of other low income countries having 8.5 per cent policewomen (ICG 2009: 9). 2.2 The subject area: In recent years, both the print and electronic media of the country also revealed many facts and figures about the working conditions of the police in Bangladesh. Karzon (2006) in a newspaper article stated that the police in Bangladesh are confronted with many kinds of problem that ranges from weak infrastructure to poor working conditions.Although Bangladesh got independence in 1947 from British rule and got separated from Pakistan in 1971, it has failed to rebuild its police force. The country still retains a colonial system of policing with little change that it inherited from its colonial master ( Karzon, 2006; ). The subsequent governments kept century-old police laws such as the Police Act of 1861; the Evidence Act of 1872; the Criminal Procedure Code of Police of 1898; and Police Regulation of Bengal of 1943 that were primarily devised to deter anti-British movements (Shahjahan, 2000; Karzon, 2006). Many provisions of the outdated laws have flaws and gaps that are inconsisten t with the human rights spirits, rule of law and modern democracy (Karzon, 2006; ICG 2009). Police in Bangladesh particularly the subordinate ranks lead a very difficult and unrewarding life because of deplorable working conditions, abysmal salaries, excessive workload, corrupt and politicized transfer and promotion system (ICG 2009; ). In terms of salary, the top-most police boss draws a monthly salary of Taka 23 000 ($333) while the lowest salary of the organization amounts to Taka 3000 which is just $1.30 a day which is approximately equal to the international poverty line of $1.25 per day (see appendix B). The working hours of the police members are almost double than that of other government employees (Karzon, 2006). It is also reported that they do not have adequate logistic support such as vehicles, prison vans, radios, fuel for vehicles, bicycles, modern weapons and even stationery to write reports (Karzon, 2006; ICG, 2009). Vacation, public holidays, annual and other leaves are rare and unheard and all these problems remain a great source of frustration and low mor ale for the officers (ICG, 2009). The annual budget of $420-million in addition to the resource constrains and staff shortage is simply unable to meet the organizational needs. In a report, another national daily revealed that 99 percent of the policemen blame the poor working conditions and lack of logistic support as major factors that prevent them from performing their duties (The Daily Star, 2007).   It commented that the police members in Bangladesh will continue to lead in human life until and unless salaries are increased, daily work hours are reduced to an acceptable level and all operational costs are met by the government. Referring to Paolo del Mistro, a Police specialist of the UNDP, a newspaper stated, â€Å"the police in Bangladesh are leading unsatisfactory life and they do not enjoy their policing job as it often destroys their self-respect. Moreover, they are not well-equipped† (cited in Azad, 2007).  Ã‚   He blamed the system not the police department fo r the grim working and living conditions. A civil society member in a seminar also stressed the need for increasing the salary and allowances for the police so that the police members change their mindset (The Independent, Bangladesh, 2008). In a round table discussion, another civil society member of the country went further and suggested that police officers with low salaries should be allowed to do other jobs so that they can compensate for the poor pay. He asserted, â€Å"They can not do that as long as their time of duty is not definite† (The Daily Star, August 12, 2007). The police in Bangladesh have a bad reputation for their alleged involvement with corruption and brutality (ICG, 2009). According to Transparency International Bangladesh report, 96.6 per cent of Bangladeshs households experienced some form of corruption that came across with law enforcement agencies (TIB, 2007). Police organization in Bangladesh had been identified as the most corrupt agency among all the government agency (karzon, 2006). A leading national daily of the country in its editorial wrote that the poor working conditions obstruct police to become servant of the people (The daily prothom alo, 2007). It recommended increasing the number of police personnel, vehicle and remuneration of police in addition to improving the poor working condition. Chapter three: Literature Review 3.1 Introduction: This chapter reviews the existing literature and other secondary sources of data that are related to the economic and social rights of police. The complex nature of the issue has been organized into various sections giving different aspects including the causes and consequences if remain unrealized. 3.2 Economic and social rights of police: The concept of human rights of police does not imply a new thought or idea. Rather these are the same rights and benefits to which every citizen is entitled. Referring to police rights, Bruce and Neild asserted: the facts that police are citizens, means they are entitled to the rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship (2005:41). Therefore human rights of police include all the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights (Feiner, 2009; Aitchison, 2004). The rights of police officers are also protected by the same human rights standards enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as in the various regional and international human rights charters such as International Covenant on Economic, Social Cultural rights, and European Convention on Human Rights (United Nations 1948; United Nations 1976; ECHR 1950). The economic and social rights of police are also clearly stated and standardized in the European Social Charter 1961 and the European Code of Pol ice Ethics 2001 (ESC 1961; ECPE 2001). Both the charter provides a set of   standards for police officers including reasonable working hours, rest periods and paid holidays, remuneration enabling them to have a decent standard of living, increased overtime payment, health and safety regulations in the workplace and a system of social security considering their special nature and character of work. Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights and article 6 of the European Social Charter 1961 recognize the right of the police members to form and join trade unions.   International Labour Organization as a specialized international agency of the United Nations set some international labor standards and fundamental rights at work in its various conventions (ILO 1998). It sets standards determining hours of work, shift work, holidays, vacations, wages, social security and policy, accommodation, trade union, collective bargaining, rest and leisure for the workers to promote strong social policies, justice and democratic institutions. The benefits of the work standards set by ILO are equally applicable to the members of police in their work place. But it is important to make clear that the police officers can claim the rights against the state not other citizens. The failure of the state to protect the rights does not give legitimacy to police to resort to violations of human rights of general people or citizens. Police like other employees of the state are the public servants that serve state interest. As an employee or worker, the human rights of a police officer mainly revolve around the economic and social rights that mainly fall into the following categories: labour rights and the right to adequate standard of living, right to food, right to health, right to housing and right to education (Nel Bezuidenbout, 1997:97). The bulk labour rights include the right to trade union, right to organized and collective bargaining, right to rest and leisure, right to no forced labour, right to work and equal pay for equal work. Bruce and Neild also argued that central to recognizing police as citizens revolve around their right to decent conditions of service, the right to form employee representative organizations, and the right to engage in collective bargaining (2005:43). 3.2.1 Democratic policing versus economic and social rights of police: There is a close link â€Å"between organizational police democracy and societal democracy† where citizens are able to participate in decision-making processes and where basic human rights are protected (Marks Fleming, 2006:179). It means police are likely to respond more democratically and humanly if they also experience the benefits of democratic labor and social rights in their organizational set up (Berkley 1969, 46-51). Hence the right of police officers to engage in direct and indirect forms of democratic participation is crucial to rights based awareness. Police rights movement through democratic police union is also consistent with the advancement of democracy and good governance (Finnane, 2002; Prasad Snel, 2004). Police rights movement is now viewed as a countervailing force and broadcasting agendas for social change directed to establish racial justice, gender equality, and urban change (Berkley, 1969; Johnston, 2000; Robinson, 2000; Sklansky, 2005b; OMalley Hutc hinson, 2005). Police union can be seen as a bulk force for them because through the exercise of this right they might get the recognition of other economic and social rights in the workplace. In addition, police democracy brings not only the democratic benefit for them, rather through democratic police rights movement through police union can serve as a necessary internal check against bureaucratic usurpation within the organization (Gammage Stanley, 1972; Fleming Lewis, 2002:92). Despite all the benefits and importance of police trade union as core labor rights of ILO, it creates more controversy and brings criticism from academics, police managers and public than any other labour union. Police organization that allows police union is branded as ‘obdurate organization by the police scholars as the union engages only on their own vested interests such as workplace improvement and status enhancement rather than social justice features (Fogelson, 1977; OMalley, 2005b; Reiner, 1978). The critics argued that this narrowness or ‘bureaucratic conservatism of police union may thwart democratic aspirations within trade union structures (Hyman, 2000; Prasad et al 2004; Burgmann Burgmann, 1998:63). 3.2.2 Positive development towards police rights: A significant change is occurring in the police organizations across the world through the ‘privatization, civilianization, and responsibilization of policing (Marks Fleming, 2006: 193). International Labour Organization recognizes all the employment rights of the police officers except few restrictions for the emergency services (ILO 2004). But in a recent move, the ILO develops codes of practice to promote social dialogue within the public service including emergency service too. In a joint meeting on public emergency service (such as police) in 2003, The ILO adopted a document Guidelines on Social Dialogue for Public Emergency Services in a Changing Environment to promote fundamental labor rights such as the right to form and join trade union,   and collective bargaining. Thus these guidelines of ILO give an indication to its member states to allow the police to unionize and to bargain (ILO 2003a). The international network of police unions has also been attempted to pers uade the ILO to review its conventions (Mark Fleming, 2006).   They quoted Shizue Tomoda, an ILO technical specialist, as saying, â€Å"As long as a large number of member states feel that it is proper for police labor rights to be regulated by national laws, the ILO Secretariat can do little to change the status quo.†(p.189). In parallel with ILO prescription, many nations have promulgated special legislations that enable police officers to be entitled to all the citizenship rights including police union for instance, Police Officers Bill of Rights of USA; the European Social Charter and European Code of Police Ethics in Europe. The modern policing are now centered on the principle of more democracy, more accountability, more equitability, and more professionalism. Police organization within public sector is now defined as growing labor-intensive industry that enables police to be qualified as ‘worker having all the labour rights (Mark Fleming, 2006). Hence, being a member of a labor-intensive industry, they are also equally concerned about the working conditionss and wages (Wellington Winter, 1969; Reiner, 1978).The current global socio-economic climate leads police unions and public sector unions to work more closely with the labour movement in terms of their rights to collective bargaining (Reiner, 1978). EUROCOP, an association of twenty-seven member police organizations across Europe, is also promoting fairness and equal opportunities in the police service of its member organizations (Marks Fleming 2006).   Berkley (1969:46-51) also mentioned about the highly developed police unions across th e Europe such as in Germany, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Griffin (2001), Chief executive officer of the Canadian Professional Police Association noted that the police representatives in Canada are now a part of broad labor union body (Fleming Lewis, 2002). In the United States, Police unions go beyond the narrow interest of the police members promoting the public interests agenda consistent with community preferences in partnership with other police union partner (Magenau Hunt, 1996).   The police federation of Australia is also affiliated and aligned with the national trade union federation (Marks Fleming, 2006). Some unions of Australia (for example, the Northern Territory Police Association NTPA) are now playing a very significant and central role to solve the resource problem of the aboriginal territory. In South Africa, the Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union (POPCRU) established in 1989 is also affiliated to the progressive trade union federation committed t o democratic governance. They defend the socio-economic interests of the communities which is now well-recognized by the international human rights organizations (Marks Fleming, 2004). Police in Lesotho, Zambia, and Botswana who were denied the police rights, called upon the South African police union, POPCRU, to assist them in convincing police authorities and managers about the benefits of police unionization (Hopkins, 2004). 3.3 Theoretical framework: 3.3.1 Occupational police stress: A number of books, reviews of literature and public seminars on the study of the stressful nature of work indicate the growing interest in the field over the past 45 years across the world including America, Britain, Australia and New Zealand (Hurrell, Nelson, Simmons , Buunk de Wolff, 1992; Fried, 1993; Huddleston, 2002). One of the main reasons behind the interest is work-related stress causes huge human and monetary cost (Schuler Van Sell, 1981; Cooper Marshall, 1976; Levi, 1981; Moss, 1981 cited in Parker DeCotiis, 1983). The recent years have also witnessed ‘a sizeable body of literature that examines police stress from a variety of perspective (Webb Smith, 1980:251). This study will look into the police stress from human rights approach taking its physiological, psychological and organizational consequences into account. Even though a certain levels of stress are found in almost all occupations, police work has long been termed as a high stress, high strain and â₠¬Ëœcritical profession (Anshel, 2000, Brown Campbell, 1994; Horn, 1991; Kroes, 1976; Kroes Hurrell, 1975; Raiser, 1974; Reilly DiAngelo, 1990; Violanti Marshall, 1983, Paton 1996a). They are usually the first to reach and the last to leave the scenes of murder, suicides or accidents. One police psychologist stated: â€Å"It is an accepted fact that a police officer is under stress and pressure unequaled by any other profession† (cited in Webb Smith 1980:255). They are frequently confronted with very sad and violent categories of incidents (Carlier, 1999, Carlier Gersons, 1992) and ‘hidden victims of work-related psychological trauma (Paton, 1989, 1994b). Apart from the aforementioned intrinsic job stress, the police stressors may range from critical staff shortage to interaction in and outside the organization. Police stressors within the organization may be characterized as excessive workload, staff shortage, work interfering with family, poor or inadequate equipment or resources, seeing criminals go free and inadequate pay, uncivil interaction with co-workers and administrative hassles (Collins Gibbs, 2003; Davey, Obst, Sheehan, 2001; Morash, Haarr, Kwak, 2006; Pasillas, Follette, Perumean-Chaney, 2006, Huddleston 2002). Rigid organizational structure, shift work, excessive overtime, lack of opportunities for the advancement, workplace discrimination or harassment, administrative pressure to solve the problem, and conflicts over role and responsibility, job transfer, daily hassles, work-related disasters   can also cause serious police stress (Collins Gibbs, 2003; Brown Campbell 1994; Sewell 1993; Pratt Barling, 1988). A p olice officer without the support of his or her family or friend and personal skills is more vulnerable to police stressors (Dewe Guest, 1990; Latach Havlovic, 1992; Tho Issues with Police Human Rights Issues with Police Human Rights Chapter one: Introduction and overview 1.1: General Introduction: Police rights and police history has been a subject of limited interest to the scholars of criminal justice, labor history and industrial relations across the world (Baker, 1999). When human rights of police are prescribed and debated, the issue creates much controversy and draws strong reaction from the academician, human rights experts, police controlling authority and public (Marks Fleming, 2006). Police are usually perceived as state agents that serve the interest of the government. They think that police are bound to respect human rights of the population they serve while performing duties and functions specifically during using force, arresting and detention. The members of the police force often claim that they have equal rights and privilege similar to other citizens in addition to their duties and responsibilities. Apparently, there is a clear split between two poles on the one hand each citizen or criminal, whose rights must be respected and protected, and on the other ha nd the police officers who have no rights, responsibility only. This partisan may prompt another debate on whether the police officers have less or more rights and obligations then the rest of the citizens. But it is totally incorrect that police officers have obligations only but no rights. Police are also citizen entitled to the same rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship (Bruce Neild 2005). They are also protected by the same human rights standards (Feiner, 2009). If police are expected to defend democracy and human rights, they should not be denied basic democratic and basic rights (Marks Fleming, 2006). The rights of police officers are constrained by regional, national, and international regulatory frameworks (Marks and Fleming 2006). Sometimes their rights are reduced to such a level that they do not have many basic rights as a citizen in many countries. In Bangladesh, the rights of police officers also seem to be ill-understood and neglected on both intellectual and state level. The prolonged struggle of the police officers for the realization of the rights is not well-documented either in the academic or popular literature. The existing literature, human rights publications and the media while discussing about democratic policing often refer to the police accountability, civilianization of policing, policing outcomes and performance measurement, and community participation and partnerships but they hardly mention about the human rights of the police officers like other citizens of the country. As a result, the rights of police officers are subject to a wide range of violations in and outside the organization. The widespread violation of police rights varies from economic and social rights to civil and political rights, from individual level to collective level. This study attempted to investigate the economic and social rights viol ations of the police officers by narrowing down its focus only on the working environment they operate. The studies approached to examine the police work phenomena from human rights perspective where most of the studies described it from physiological, psychological and organizational perspective. 1.2: Objectives: The primary objective of this research is to depict a real picture of human rights situation of the crime fighters within the organization, to investigate its possible causes and impact on the police individual and society as a whole. The secondary aims include directives for future research into police rights discourse for academician, and to recommend ways to improve human rights situation of the police officers which might help strengthen ongoing Police Reform Program in Bangladesh. I firmly believe that the outcome of the research can contribute to the policy makers of the government and non-government organizations in resolving the human rights abuses in and outside the police organization. 1.3: Research Question: The following questions have been formulated in order to meet the research objectives: which of the economic and social rights of the police members in Bangladesh come under violation? What are the factors leading to the violation of the economic and social rights of police members? What are the possible consequences ofthe violation on victims lifeandon society at large? 1.4 Background to the study 1.4.1 Personal Motivation: Having both the human rights and police background, I perceived I would be the right person that would be able to precisely elucidate the complexity and peculiarity of human rights situation of the police workplace in Bangladesh. Police in Bangladesh are frequently accused of human rights abuse by the national and international human rights organizations (see Amnesty International, 2000, Odhikar, 2009). A number of studies can be done to answer ‘why do police violate human rights. But being an insider, I understand well where the tension between policing and human rights and between the ethics and the practice of policing lies. Nearly five years field level experience with the organization as a mid-level police supervisor has given me an impression that the overall environment where they operate is not congenial to human rights friendly atmosphere both for the general people and the police members. A big share or contribution to the adverse environment is made by the stressful job itself and different kinds of organizational factors. The factors outside the organizations also have a significant role in creating human rights unfriendly environment. Some of the abuses by the police are taking place for personal gain of the individual police members whereas some are the result of imposed burden which they are unable to resist. Resource constraints and staff shortage that put physical, psychological and organization pressure often compel them to exhibit deviance behavior. In addition, deprivation of several basic rights as a consequence of poor working conditions and low wages creates deep frustration and depression among them resulting in strong job dissatisfaction. When all these internal factors combine with other factors, it is very likely that the police officers show up with extreme police deviance behavior having serious impacts on human rights. Unfortunately, no shed of light fell on the fragile and poor working conditions of the police in Bangladesh so far. It is also harder for them to talk to the media, and claim their rights in the same way as the workers in the private sector do through demonstration or strike. As a result, their inhumane sufferings remain beyond the reach of media, human rights activists and general public. In 2005, government introduced police reform programmes assisted by UNDP, DFID and other international donors. The local newspaper being influenced by the programme, sometimes published reports on the organizational problem of the police discretely. However, I did not find any systematic academic researches that have been carried out on the economic and social rights of the Bangladesh police in relation to their workplace. 1.4.2 Relevance in history: The police struggle for their rights across the globe has been long and old. While police officers in Bangladesh are barred from being qualified as worker in the labor law, the police in Australia, Europe, North America and New Zealand are now fully entitled to have equal citizenship rights including economic and social rights (Finnane, 2001). In Europe, British Police stood up to establish their industrial and social rights through police strikes in London and Liverpool in 1918-9 and succeeded to ensure their industrial and social rights many decades ago. Following the British example, the adventurous police unions activities in New Zealand forced the government to mandate police unions and associations during 1919 ( Finnane 2001). There are also a number of instances of force revolt in the history of Bangladesh such as BDR mutiny in 2009. In 1993, subordinate police officers of Dhaka Metropoliton police at the Rajarbagh Police Lines in Dhaka agitated demanding better working condit ions and increased pay (ICG, 2009). Fortunately, it ended up without any bloodshed and increased salaries but many officers got sacked. In 2009, the paramilitary force Bangladesh Rifles which is also regulated by the same ministry, led a murderous uprising in response to poor working conditionss and low pay leaving more than 75 people dead (ICG 2009). 1.4.3 Rationale of the study: Realization of all the human rights including civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights is nearly impossible without social order (Crashaw 2002). Article 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enables everyone to be entitled to the right to social and international order.   It is the police force whose fundamental function is to maintain social order by keeping criminality and social tension or civil unrest at tolerable level through effective policing. The dream of complete policing defined as effective, lawful and humane-would remain a dream only until and unless the police agencies are well managed and well resourced by the respective governments. Only through the promulgation of police code of conduct and ethics, human rights training, monitoring and oversight mechanism will help a little to improve the overall human rights records and performance of the police unless their basic rights remain unheard, unmet and fulfilled. Human rights of more than 150 mil lion people of Bangladesh will also be at risk if police with its limited resources and poor working conditionss fails to maintain social order and stability. 1.4.4 Overview of the study: The real working experiences of one and a half dozen of police officers are explored and analyzed using data obtained from their narratives conversational interviews. With direct reference to the existing available literature, it is attempted to demonstrate that the police members in Bangladesh have also been subject to the violation of economic and social rights in the workplace. But the human rights advocates ignore the close connection between internal and external violation i.e. human rights violation of the police and human rights abuse by the police. As a result, it has been a common practice among the human rights organizations, media and academician to criticize the police-subculture, corruption and lack of human rights training responsible for human rights violation by them. The sufferings and miseries of the police hardly managed to draw attention of the human rights organizations or the academician. The human rights organizations usually end up their duties by suggesting h uman rights training and monitoring mechanism to stop human rights abuses and corruption of the police. Despite the necessity of the human rights training and oversight mechanism, all these efforts may be proved meaningless for them if they do not see the application of those human rights in their practical lives. 1.4.5 Overview of the thesis: The thesis will be presented in six chapters: Chapter One: This chapter presents the background describing my personal view and motivations including primary and secondary objectives. Chapter Two: This chapter briefly describes the study population and the subject area including statistical numbers, facts and figures. Chapter Three: This chapter gives a theoretical and conceptual background of the topic based on existing literature and other secondary source of data. Chapter four: This chapter of methodology and method gives a full description of participant selection, interview process, ethical issues and the challenges to recruitment.   Chapter Five: This chapter explains how data is examined and analyzed to develop the themes expressed by the participants. Chapter Six: In this chapter, Findings are discussed and reviewed with the objectives. This chapter also discusses the implications and limitations of the thesis. 1.4.6 Conclusion: This chapter gives an overall idea on the topic and describes the genesis of the research topic. Personal motivation for undertaking this project and the relevance of the research has also been discussed. It also gives an overview of the research and the chapter outlines. The following chapter discusses about the population under study and the subject area highlighting various aspects of the organization. Chapter two: Demographical and organizational context of the research 2.1 The study population: Bangladesh Police is a national organization with headquarter based in Dhaka. It is answerable to the acting government which controls and oversees the organization under the administrative control by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA). The organization consists of a number of branches and units that mainly include Range and Metropolitan police, traffic, an armed police battalion(APBN), a criminal investigation department (CID), special branch (SB), Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), and training institutions (Shahjahan, 2000). The ‘Range and ‘Metropolitan police are again subdivided into districts, circles, police stations and outposts (Shahjahan 2000, ICG 2009). Bangladesh has a total of 123197 police officers for its over 153 million population (ICG 2009). It means there is only one police officer for more than 1,200 people in Bangladesh. This ratio is probably the lowest ratio among the other South Asian nations, and nearly three times lower than the recommended ratio of 1:450 by the UN (ICG 2009, Appendix C). In some areas for example in Sylhet and Coxbazar district of the country the ratios are 1:3500 and 1: 2000 respectively (ICG 2009). The total force with eighteen ranks can be categorized into gazetted (ASP to IGP) and non-gazetted ranks (Constable to Inspector) which is roughly analogous to commissioned and non-commissioned officers in the military. Subordinate officers with numbers 121,659 have overwhelming majority over the gazetted officers numbering 1538 only (ICG 2009: 8). The Inspector General of Police (IGP), Deputy Inspector General (DIG), Assistant Inspector Generals(AIG) or superintendents of police (SP) and Assistant Superintendent of Police constitute the four gazetted ranks while subordinate ranks include the positions of inspector, sub-inspector, sergeant, and assistant sub-inspector, head constables both armed and unarmed, naiks and constables (ICG 2009:30). Out of 121659 subordinate officers, constables are bulk forces having a figure roughly 88,000. The total number of women police is also very low standing at 1,937 i.e. roughly 1.5 percent in compared to that of other low income countries having 8.5 per cent policewomen (ICG 2009: 9). 2.2 The subject area: In recent years, both the print and electronic media of the country also revealed many facts and figures about the working conditions of the police in Bangladesh. Karzon (2006) in a newspaper article stated that the police in Bangladesh are confronted with many kinds of problem that ranges from weak infrastructure to poor working conditions.Although Bangladesh got independence in 1947 from British rule and got separated from Pakistan in 1971, it has failed to rebuild its police force. The country still retains a colonial system of policing with little change that it inherited from its colonial master ( Karzon, 2006; ). The subsequent governments kept century-old police laws such as the Police Act of 1861; the Evidence Act of 1872; the Criminal Procedure Code of Police of 1898; and Police Regulation of Bengal of 1943 that were primarily devised to deter anti-British movements (Shahjahan, 2000; Karzon, 2006). Many provisions of the outdated laws have flaws and gaps that are inconsisten t with the human rights spirits, rule of law and modern democracy (Karzon, 2006; ICG 2009). Police in Bangladesh particularly the subordinate ranks lead a very difficult and unrewarding life because of deplorable working conditions, abysmal salaries, excessive workload, corrupt and politicized transfer and promotion system (ICG 2009; ). In terms of salary, the top-most police boss draws a monthly salary of Taka 23 000 ($333) while the lowest salary of the organization amounts to Taka 3000 which is just $1.30 a day which is approximately equal to the international poverty line of $1.25 per day (see appendix B). The working hours of the police members are almost double than that of other government employees (Karzon, 2006). It is also reported that they do not have adequate logistic support such as vehicles, prison vans, radios, fuel for vehicles, bicycles, modern weapons and even stationery to write reports (Karzon, 2006; ICG, 2009). Vacation, public holidays, annual and other leaves are rare and unheard and all these problems remain a great source of frustration and low mor ale for the officers (ICG, 2009). The annual budget of $420-million in addition to the resource constrains and staff shortage is simply unable to meet the organizational needs. In a report, another national daily revealed that 99 percent of the policemen blame the poor working conditions and lack of logistic support as major factors that prevent them from performing their duties (The Daily Star, 2007).   It commented that the police members in Bangladesh will continue to lead in human life until and unless salaries are increased, daily work hours are reduced to an acceptable level and all operational costs are met by the government. Referring to Paolo del Mistro, a Police specialist of the UNDP, a newspaper stated, â€Å"the police in Bangladesh are leading unsatisfactory life and they do not enjoy their policing job as it often destroys their self-respect. Moreover, they are not well-equipped† (cited in Azad, 2007).  Ã‚   He blamed the system not the police department fo r the grim working and living conditions. A civil society member in a seminar also stressed the need for increasing the salary and allowances for the police so that the police members change their mindset (The Independent, Bangladesh, 2008). In a round table discussion, another civil society member of the country went further and suggested that police officers with low salaries should be allowed to do other jobs so that they can compensate for the poor pay. He asserted, â€Å"They can not do that as long as their time of duty is not definite† (The Daily Star, August 12, 2007). The police in Bangladesh have a bad reputation for their alleged involvement with corruption and brutality (ICG, 2009). According to Transparency International Bangladesh report, 96.6 per cent of Bangladeshs households experienced some form of corruption that came across with law enforcement agencies (TIB, 2007). Police organization in Bangladesh had been identified as the most corrupt agency among all the government agency (karzon, 2006). A leading national daily of the country in its editorial wrote that the poor working conditions obstruct police to become servant of the people (The daily prothom alo, 2007). It recommended increasing the number of police personnel, vehicle and remuneration of police in addition to improving the poor working condition. Chapter three: Literature Review 3.1 Introduction: This chapter reviews the existing literature and other secondary sources of data that are related to the economic and social rights of police. The complex nature of the issue has been organized into various sections giving different aspects including the causes and consequences if remain unrealized. 3.2 Economic and social rights of police: The concept of human rights of police does not imply a new thought or idea. Rather these are the same rights and benefits to which every citizen is entitled. Referring to police rights, Bruce and Neild asserted: the facts that police are citizens, means they are entitled to the rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship (2005:41). Therefore human rights of police include all the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights (Feiner, 2009; Aitchison, 2004). The rights of police officers are also protected by the same human rights standards enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as in the various regional and international human rights charters such as International Covenant on Economic, Social Cultural rights, and European Convention on Human Rights (United Nations 1948; United Nations 1976; ECHR 1950). The economic and social rights of police are also clearly stated and standardized in the European Social Charter 1961 and the European Code of Pol ice Ethics 2001 (ESC 1961; ECPE 2001). Both the charter provides a set of   standards for police officers including reasonable working hours, rest periods and paid holidays, remuneration enabling them to have a decent standard of living, increased overtime payment, health and safety regulations in the workplace and a system of social security considering their special nature and character of work. Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights and article 6 of the European Social Charter 1961 recognize the right of the police members to form and join trade unions.   International Labour Organization as a specialized international agency of the United Nations set some international labor standards and fundamental rights at work in its various conventions (ILO 1998). It sets standards determining hours of work, shift work, holidays, vacations, wages, social security and policy, accommodation, trade union, collective bargaining, rest and leisure for the workers to promote strong social policies, justice and democratic institutions. The benefits of the work standards set by ILO are equally applicable to the members of police in their work place. But it is important to make clear that the police officers can claim the rights against the state not other citizens. The failure of the state to protect the rights does not give legitimacy to police to resort to violations of human rights of general people or citizens. Police like other employees of the state are the public servants that serve state interest. As an employee or worker, the human rights of a police officer mainly revolve around the economic and social rights that mainly fall into the following categories: labour rights and the right to adequate standard of living, right to food, right to health, right to housing and right to education (Nel Bezuidenbout, 1997:97). The bulk labour rights include the right to trade union, right to organized and collective bargaining, right to rest and leisure, right to no forced labour, right to work and equal pay for equal work. Bruce and Neild also argued that central to recognizing police as citizens revolve around their right to decent conditions of service, the right to form employee representative organizations, and the right to engage in collective bargaining (2005:43). 3.2.1 Democratic policing versus economic and social rights of police: There is a close link â€Å"between organizational police democracy and societal democracy† where citizens are able to participate in decision-making processes and where basic human rights are protected (Marks Fleming, 2006:179). It means police are likely to respond more democratically and humanly if they also experience the benefits of democratic labor and social rights in their organizational set up (Berkley 1969, 46-51). Hence the right of police officers to engage in direct and indirect forms of democratic participation is crucial to rights based awareness. Police rights movement through democratic police union is also consistent with the advancement of democracy and good governance (Finnane, 2002; Prasad Snel, 2004). Police rights movement is now viewed as a countervailing force and broadcasting agendas for social change directed to establish racial justice, gender equality, and urban change (Berkley, 1969; Johnston, 2000; Robinson, 2000; Sklansky, 2005b; OMalley Hutc hinson, 2005). Police union can be seen as a bulk force for them because through the exercise of this right they might get the recognition of other economic and social rights in the workplace. In addition, police democracy brings not only the democratic benefit for them, rather through democratic police rights movement through police union can serve as a necessary internal check against bureaucratic usurpation within the organization (Gammage Stanley, 1972; Fleming Lewis, 2002:92). Despite all the benefits and importance of police trade union as core labor rights of ILO, it creates more controversy and brings criticism from academics, police managers and public than any other labour union. Police organization that allows police union is branded as ‘obdurate organization by the police scholars as the union engages only on their own vested interests such as workplace improvement and status enhancement rather than social justice features (Fogelson, 1977; OMalley, 2005b; Reiner, 1978). The critics argued that this narrowness or ‘bureaucratic conservatism of police union may thwart democratic aspirations within trade union structures (Hyman, 2000; Prasad et al 2004; Burgmann Burgmann, 1998:63). 3.2.2 Positive development towards police rights: A significant change is occurring in the police organizations across the world through the ‘privatization, civilianization, and responsibilization of policing (Marks Fleming, 2006: 193). International Labour Organization recognizes all the employment rights of the police officers except few restrictions for the emergency services (ILO 2004). But in a recent move, the ILO develops codes of practice to promote social dialogue within the public service including emergency service too. In a joint meeting on public emergency service (such as police) in 2003, The ILO adopted a document Guidelines on Social Dialogue for Public Emergency Services in a Changing Environment to promote fundamental labor rights such as the right to form and join trade union,   and collective bargaining. Thus these guidelines of ILO give an indication to its member states to allow the police to unionize and to bargain (ILO 2003a). The international network of police unions has also been attempted to pers uade the ILO to review its conventions (Mark Fleming, 2006).   They quoted Shizue Tomoda, an ILO technical specialist, as saying, â€Å"As long as a large number of member states feel that it is proper for police labor rights to be regulated by national laws, the ILO Secretariat can do little to change the status quo.†(p.189). In parallel with ILO prescription, many nations have promulgated special legislations that enable police officers to be entitled to all the citizenship rights including police union for instance, Police Officers Bill of Rights of USA; the European Social Charter and European Code of Police Ethics in Europe. The modern policing are now centered on the principle of more democracy, more accountability, more equitability, and more professionalism. Police organization within public sector is now defined as growing labor-intensive industry that enables police to be qualified as ‘worker having all the labour rights (Mark Fleming, 2006). Hence, being a member of a labor-intensive industry, they are also equally concerned about the working conditionss and wages (Wellington Winter, 1969; Reiner, 1978).The current global socio-economic climate leads police unions and public sector unions to work more closely with the labour movement in terms of their rights to collective bargaining (Reiner, 1978). EUROCOP, an association of twenty-seven member police organizations across Europe, is also promoting fairness and equal opportunities in the police service of its member organizations (Marks Fleming 2006).   Berkley (1969:46-51) also mentioned about the highly developed police unions across th e Europe such as in Germany, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Griffin (2001), Chief executive officer of the Canadian Professional Police Association noted that the police representatives in Canada are now a part of broad labor union body (Fleming Lewis, 2002). In the United States, Police unions go beyond the narrow interest of the police members promoting the public interests agenda consistent with community preferences in partnership with other police union partner (Magenau Hunt, 1996).   The police federation of Australia is also affiliated and aligned with the national trade union federation (Marks Fleming, 2006). Some unions of Australia (for example, the Northern Territory Police Association NTPA) are now playing a very significant and central role to solve the resource problem of the aboriginal territory. In South Africa, the Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union (POPCRU) established in 1989 is also affiliated to the progressive trade union federation committed t o democratic governance. They defend the socio-economic interests of the communities which is now well-recognized by the international human rights organizations (Marks Fleming, 2004). Police in Lesotho, Zambia, and Botswana who were denied the police rights, called upon the South African police union, POPCRU, to assist them in convincing police authorities and managers about the benefits of police unionization (Hopkins, 2004). 3.3 Theoretical framework: 3.3.1 Occupational police stress: A number of books, reviews of literature and public seminars on the study of the stressful nature of work indicate the growing interest in the field over the past 45 years across the world including America, Britain, Australia and New Zealand (Hurrell, Nelson, Simmons , Buunk de Wolff, 1992; Fried, 1993; Huddleston, 2002). One of the main reasons behind the interest is work-related stress causes huge human and monetary cost (Schuler Van Sell, 1981; Cooper Marshall, 1976; Levi, 1981; Moss, 1981 cited in Parker DeCotiis, 1983). The recent years have also witnessed ‘a sizeable body of literature that examines police stress from a variety of perspective (Webb Smith, 1980:251). This study will look into the police stress from human rights approach taking its physiological, psychological and organizational consequences into account. Even though a certain levels of stress are found in almost all occupations, police work has long been termed as a high stress, high strain and â₠¬Ëœcritical profession (Anshel, 2000, Brown Campbell, 1994; Horn, 1991; Kroes, 1976; Kroes Hurrell, 1975; Raiser, 1974; Reilly DiAngelo, 1990; Violanti Marshall, 1983, Paton 1996a). They are usually the first to reach and the last to leave the scenes of murder, suicides or accidents. One police psychologist stated: â€Å"It is an accepted fact that a police officer is under stress and pressure unequaled by any other profession† (cited in Webb Smith 1980:255). They are frequently confronted with very sad and violent categories of incidents (Carlier, 1999, Carlier Gersons, 1992) and ‘hidden victims of work-related psychological trauma (Paton, 1989, 1994b). Apart from the aforementioned intrinsic job stress, the police stressors may range from critical staff shortage to interaction in and outside the organization. Police stressors within the organization may be characterized as excessive workload, staff shortage, work interfering with family, poor or inadequate equipment or resources, seeing criminals go free and inadequate pay, uncivil interaction with co-workers and administrative hassles (Collins Gibbs, 2003; Davey, Obst, Sheehan, 2001; Morash, Haarr, Kwak, 2006; Pasillas, Follette, Perumean-Chaney, 2006, Huddleston 2002). Rigid organizational structure, shift work, excessive overtime, lack of opportunities for the advancement, workplace discrimination or harassment, administrative pressure to solve the problem, and conflicts over role and responsibility, job transfer, daily hassles, work-related disasters   can also cause serious police stress (Collins Gibbs, 2003; Brown Campbell 1994; Sewell 1993; Pratt Barling, 1988). A p olice officer without the support of his or her family or friend and personal skills is more vulnerable to police stressors (Dewe Guest, 1990; Latach Havlovic, 1992; Tho

Pizza and Break-even Point Essay

Complete both parts. a) What are the three methods used for solving systems of equations? Which method do you prefer to use? b) Break-Even Analysis – Systems of Equations Application Problem Suppose a company produces and sells pizzas as its product. Its revenue is the money generates by selling x number of pizzas. Its cost is the cost of producing x number of pizzas. Revenue Function: R(x) = selling price per pizza(x) Cost Function: C(x) = fixed cost + cost per unit produced(x). The point of intersection on a graph of each function is called the break-even point. We can also find the break-even point using the Substitution Method. Suppose Dan’s Pizza Parlor has a fixed cost of $280 and it costs $4 to produce each pizza. Dan sells every pizza for $12. The Revenue Function is: R(x) = 12x The Cost Function is: C(x) = 280 + 4x The break-even point occurs where the graphs of C and R intersect. Therefore, we can find this point by solving the system: y =12x y = 280 + 4x. How many pizzas does Dan have to produce to break-even? If he exceeds his break-even point, will he make a profit or have a loss? A) What are the three methods used for solving systems of equations? Which method do you prefer to use? graphing, substitution, and elimination. I use all there but I think I use elimination more. B) C(x) = 280 + 4x r(x)= 12x 12x= 280 + 4x 8x=280 x= 35 R(x) =12(35) =$420 So Dan has to produce 35 pizzas to produce his break-even point. He will have a$420 profit.

The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme - 967 Words

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Mixed Economic Systems - 760 Words

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An economic system is slackly defined as country’s plan for its services, goods produced, and the exact way in which its economic plan is carried out. There are three types of economic systems exist, they are command economy, market economy, and mixed economy. Command economy is also sometimes called planned economy. The expectations

Comparison Of The Movie The Crucible - 827 Words

The Crucible, a movie directed by Nicholas Hytner, was critically acclaimed and earned several awards. It received an Academy Award nomination for best screenplay based on material previously produced or published, a BAFTA award for best-adapted screenplay, and Golden Globe awards for supporting actor and actress in a motion picture. In Empire’s review, they say, â€Å"In this almost perfect screen adaptation, the lingering question is the most important one: what caused such madness?† This movie adaptation is objectively superior than the written play for many reasons. One reason is how the characters are portrayed, specifically John Proctor. The way Nicholas Hytner deals with the other characters is exceptional as well. Nicholas Hytner’s The†¦show more content†¦The movie has a visual aspect that the play cannot provide. When reading the play, the reader must rely on their own imagination for visualizing the characters based on the descriptions given. Beyond the dialogue, the movie can show more explicitly how the characters are descending into madness. The play cannot show you facial expressions and body language that the actors in the movie can depict. One example is Goodwife Putnam, who is driven crazy from her daughter’s mysterious affliction. Frances Conroy’s performance in the movie brings the added layers of her desperate facial expressions and strident voice. Winona Ryder’s Abigail Williams is another great example, because as her character becomes more and more unhinged, we see her less kept together, and in one scene she is missing her bonnet. One might argue, if you want the best interpretation of The Crucible, you should read the original play because it is exactly what Arthur Miller wanted to express with the story. This would seem to be logical, as the play is his original work. However, one could also debate that most plays rely on the director’s and the actor’s interpretation while they are in production. Most plays or musicals rely heavily on the imagination of who is putting on the show. With this power in hand, they can change the play for better or for worse. And in the case of this movie, it was exceptional. To defend the playShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible1591 Words   |  7 PagesThe Crucible Many different parts form together to make up the society we see in The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller. Whether it be religion, government, or social roles; they all play some sort of impacting part to the characters we met while watching The Crucible. Who knew that religion and government could change a person’s life in a matter of minutes like it did so many times throughout the movie. The characters like Abigail Williams and John Proctor both knew the risks of going againstRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1358 Words   |  6 PagesA. The movie, The Crucible, was produced in 1996 and portrayed the dramatized play written by Arthur Miller in 1953. The movie story deals with the Salem, Massachusetts hysteria in 1692 with an irrational fear of the devil. Witch hunts and false accusations resulted. Trials took place and resulted in the hanging and associated death of more than 20 people and the false imprisonment of many others. B. The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraftRead MoreTelevision Interview : The Crucible 1118 Words   |  5 Pagesplayed the role of John Proctor in the movie, â€Å"The Crucible†. Tell us briefly about your role. D: Well, I play the role of John Proctor, Elizabeth’s husband, as a local farmer who is a stern, harsh-tongued man of high social standing and integrity and who hates hypocrisy. He is a proud man who places great emphasis on his reputation in society. ABC: As in most plays and movies, there are important themes represented. What are some of these in the movie? D: Well, there are several themesRead MoreLord Of The Flies And The Crucible Comparison Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesFear can cause people do some crazy actions. The book, Lord of the Flies, by William Golding and the movie, The Crucible, by Arthur Miller both have many character traits in common. They both show variations of how everyone in both The Lord of the Flies and the Crucible, experience having the fear of the unknown. Each character from both the book and the movie express it in a different way. The fear of the unknown can haunt many characters. Parachute’s body and spectral evidence, Jack and AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1064 Words   |  5 PagesLucifer, Satan or his common name, the devil. From an English perspective, he is the first antagonist. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, the Devil is the main cause of conflict. He is the root of Evil. Now the reaction to devilish behavior varies from person to person, possibly even society to soci ety. The Puritan society combats evil doing with actions that could be considered worse than the Devil s worst of deeds. This is demonstrated by Reverend Hale, whose importance starts initially as a figureheadRead MoreThe Crucible : Drama, History Essay707 Words   |  3 Pages Ryan Diraljal August 30, 2016 Period 2 The Crucible Drama, History Nicholas Hytner Daniel Day-Lewis, Winona Ryder, Paul Scofield BAFTA Awards Best Actress, Best Screenplay The truth: Two girls, Betty and Abigail, were experimenting with horseshoes and Venus glass trying to raise demonic spirits. They later started acting very strangely and twitching. Betty and Abigail are accused of being possessed, andRead MoreThe Middle Of The 16th Century1571 Words   |  7 Pagesinnocence were executed, those who refused to name names were put in jail and tortured and lastly those who confessed were freed. Comparison Evaluation The film â€Å"The Crucible† can be considered very historically accurate as compared to the Salem Witch Trials that occurred in our history minus a few detail that were added to enhance the plot for the audience. In the movie Abigail was portrayed to be 17 years old but in realty she was actually 12 years old. This difference allows for viewers to haveRead MoreThe And Folklore Of All Hallows1629 Words   |  7 Pagesfor best actor and author. He then wrote his most famous play â€Å"The Crucible† which didn t get as high reviews on broadway at first, because it was considered â€Å"unamerican† by some, but then gained it s popularity. Then in the year 1956, Arthur married Marilyn Monroe. They were known as â€Å"The Brain and the Body† of hollywood. Through his work, Arthur Miller made a big impact on many American lives, such as using comparisons to help people view the world in different ways. He did this by writingRead MoreThe Devil Visited Salem Witch Trials1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe devil visited Salem in 1692, or did he? Nicholas Hytner’s The Crucible depicts the 1692 witchcraft epidemic in Salem, Massachusetts. The film was adapted from a play written by Arthur Miller in 1953. The film’s producers, Robert A. Miller and David V. Picker, released the film along with Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation in 1996. The film focuses on one female resident of Salem and her revenge against her ex-lover. The revengeful girl and her group of friends begin to accuse other membersRead MoreEssay about Arthur Miller1626 Words   |  7 Pageswas blacklisted after refusing to give information about others who had been suspected of involvement with the Communist Party, however it was later revoked. In 1953 he was even denied a passport to attend the Brussels premiere of his own play The Crucible, a play in which he expressed his faith in the ability of an individual to resist conformist pressures. Whether it was the specific experience of being blacklisted by the government or another, Arthur Miller always wrote of social concerns relative

Cameras in Current Time Period Free Essays

Cameras nowadays are better than ever before with enhanced technology, high quality shots, and that images can now be digitally stored instead of worrying about wasting film. There are still some issues about the cameras such as high pricings or weather conditions, but you can agree that cameras now have improved extremely than when cameras are first invented decades ago. Some types of old cameras have come back to life, combined with the technology today to stay relevant to the current trend of digitalisation. We will write a custom essay sample on Cameras in Current Time Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most prominent cameras right now that people use especially professional and amateur photographers is a DSLR camera. DSLR stands for â€Å"Digital Single-Lens Reflex† due to the added digital imaging sensor to a SLR camera. DSLR cameras captures digital wise now, it requires a memory card or an SD card to store images digitally, in contrast of storing film. People were interested and love the incoming of DSLR cameras that during the 2000s, DSLR have already replaced SLR cameras. This was a huge step in the technology of cameras and DSLRs that it has evolved from film camera era and keeps on improving digital cameras years later. As of 2018, they remained the most common type of interchangeable lens cameras. DSLR was first created in 1975 by an engineer named Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak. The first digital camera came from a challenge given by his employers to see if there was any practical use for a charged couple device (C.C.D). He was the man responsible for the process of digitalisation, turning electric pulses into numbers and having those to help create an image. The camera had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels and weighs 3.6 kg. The materials he used are very different to what cameras are made of now such as having a portable cassette recorder, analogue / digital converter and a dozen of circuits wired on circuit boards. His camera took 23 seconds to capture an image and 30 more for the black and white image to develop in the cassette tape (The camera’s â€Å"memory card†). The camera he invented was just for technical exercise only however and was never made for production until years later by other companies. Comparing to today’s cameras, they have better image quality and more advanced. Take the Canon EOS 6D Mark II as an example. The full frame DSLR camera was announced on 29 June 2017 and it is the first camera to feature an LCD screen due to only crop sensor cameras have this feature. Professional photographers like this feature so that they can discover new camera angles that most full frame cameras cannot do without the LCD screen. It has a resolution of 26.2 megapixels that is even greater than the first DSLR camera and only weighs 685 grams lighter. The images from this camera is stunning with its sharp focus and great work on low light photography. Mirrorless cameras are one of the few kinds of cameras to have brought back the trend in the early 2010s. As the name suggests, this camera does not have an optical mirror inside unlike DSLRs. They also do not have a viewfinder. but you can only see the images on LCD screens which displays what the camera image sensor sees rather than what the lens sees. Without the mirror, the camera body is smaller, lightweight and more compact in size which is why they are also called â€Å"Compact System Cameras†. This was considered an alternative option for other photographers than DSLRs to reduce equipment such as bigger lenses, tripods, etc. The first mirrorless camera, the RD1 Digital Rangefinder, consists of only a 6-megapixel APS-C sensor with only a 2-inch LCD screen monitor. The handling is similar of an analogue rangefinder. The images taken from this camera is surprisingly in good quality even though this was launch in 2004. What’s more surprising is that this camera came from Epson, the same company that manufactures printers. Mirrorless cameras are looking to overthrown DSLRs soon or in a few years. However, people have their own opinions about the two cameras and most might still prefer the DSLRs. In my opinion, I still prefer DSLRs although I’m interested to test out mirrorless cameras someday and test some couple of shots with it. Polaroid or instant cameras is the other kind of camera that came back due to the nostalgia of developing a printed image right after taking the picture. Polaroid cameras uses self-developing film for the printing process. Young adults and some adults love having these cameras for a throwback and that they can capture and print images for memories and put them up for decoration. The first polaroid camera, the â€Å"95 Land Camera† was dated back in 1948. Its large and bulky size is very different to the polaroid cameras that are produced now such as the popular Instax instant cameras. The Instax cameras are the well-known polaroid cameras today marketed by Fujifilm. This camera was made by a collaboration of polaroid companies such as Fujifilm, Polaroid Corporation and Lomography. In 2016, sales of Instax cameras have risen to 5 million units. These are available in three unique formats; Mini, Wide and Square. The only disadvantage of this is that Fujifilm didn’t make the cameras able to do colour and black and white together. For instance, if you have a colour only Instax camera and you like your printed image to be black and white, you’ll need to buy their black and white film packs. Nonetheless, the printed images are good, but sometimes the highlights can be blown out a bit because of the intense flash that the camera provided. Fujifilm then created the most advance polaroid camera ever made. The Instax Square SQ10 is a hybrid camera that combines the mechanics of a polaroid camera and the technology of digital cameras today. You can now view the images you’ve taken through the camera’s new display before even printing them. The Instax Square also has internal memory to be able to store the images you’ve captured and a micro SD card slot for more storage. One of the most notable features in this camera is that you can now edit or add filters to images before printing them out. This was a bit of a breakthrough for polaroid cameras as this has never been done before since the first polaroid camera exist. The camera also includes some settings from DSLRs such as double exposure, bulb, macro and thumbnail print. Finally, you can also print as many copies of an image as you can if you would like to send another copy of the image to a friend. This might be the start for the future of Polaroid cameras such as adding more settings from DSLRs and virtual video from images that you can scan the printed image with your phone and the image transforms to a short video. Overall, cameras nowadays are doing their best quality of images for all levels of photography. Inspiring photographers should learn and try out these other cameras other than just DSLRs to experience and learn its features. Maybe at the end of the day, they have their right to decide which camera would they want for the best of their photography work. References Baguely, R. (2018, May 9). DSLR vs. Mirrorless Cameras: Which Is Better for You? Retrieved from Tom’s Guide website: https://www.tomsguide.com/us/dslr-vs-mirrorless-cameras,news-17736.html Burgett, G. (2018, January 29). What is a Mirrorless Camera and What Makes It Different from a DSLR? | Digital Trends. Retrieved from Digital Trends website: https://www.digitaltrends.com/photography/what-is-a-mirrorless-camera/ Canon. (n.d.). Canon: EOS 6D Mark II | Sample Images ; Movies. Retrieved from Canon website: http://web.canon.jp/imaging/eosd/samples/eos6dmk2/ Cassavoy, L. (2018, February 20). What Makes a Smartphone Smart? Retrieved from Life Wire website: https://www.lifewire.com/what-makes-a-smartphone-smart-579597 Dadfar, K. (n.d.). Beginners Guide to Different Types of Digital Cameras. Retrieved from Digital Photography School website: https://digital-photography-school.com/beginners-guide-different-types-digital-cameras/ David. (2018, May 17). 3 Best Environmentally Eco-Friendly Green Android Smartphones. Retrieved from The Droid Guy website: https://thedroidguy.com/2018/05/3-best-environmentally-eco-friendly-green-android-smartphones-1067264 Diffen. (n.d.). DSLR vs SLR Camera – Difference and Comparison | Diffen. Retrieved from Diffen website: https://www.diffen.com/difference/DSLR_vs_SLR_Camera Digital Photography Review. (n.d.). Canon: EOS 6D Mark II sample gallery: Digital Photography Review. Retrieved from Digital Photography Review website: https://www.dpreview.com/sample-galleries/8212334571/canon-eos-6d-mark-ii-sample-gallery/6936040534 DP Reviews. (n.d.). Canon EOS 30D Review Samples: Digital Photography Review. Retrieved from DP Review website: https://www.dpreview.com/sample-galleries/1562011426/canon-eos-30d-review-samples Estrin, J. (2015, August 12). Kodak’s First Digital Moment – The New York Times. Retrieved from The New York Times website: https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/12/kodaks-first-digital-moment/ Ferron, E. (2017, May 9). 2017 Smartphone Comparison Guide. Retrieved from New Atlas website: https://newatlas.com/best-smartphones-specs-features-comparison-2017/49418/ Hession, M. (2014, January 29). The Very First Mirrorless Camera Was A Gem Made By Epson. Yep. Epson. | Gizmodo Australia. Retrieved from Gizmodo website: https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/01/the-very-first-mirrorless-camera-was-a-gem-made-by-epson-yep-epson/ Mahyuni, E. (2016, February 20). A brief history of mirrorless cameras | Stuff. Retrieved from Stuff website: https://www.stuff.tv/sg/features/brief-history-mirrorless-cameras Mansurov, N. (2018, April 3). Are Smartphones Threatening the Camera Industry? – Photography Life. Retrieved from Photography Life website: https://photographylife.com/are-smartphones-threatening-the-camera-industry O’Kane, S. (2018, February 26). Sony’s new A7 III is a $2,000 full-frame mirrorless camera that should terrify Canon and Nikon – The Verge. Retrieved from The Verge website: https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/2/26/17056162/sony-a7-iii-camera-price-specs-release-date Rastall, G. (2017, May 10). How are Smartphones Shaping the Future of Photography? – DigitalRev. Retrieved from DigitalRev website: https://www.digitalrev.com/article/how-are-smartphones-shaping-the-future-of-photography Reid Reviews. (2015, December). Epson R-D1 Review. Retrieved from Reid Reviews website: https://www.reidreviews.com/examples/r-d1.html Ruiz, I. B. (2017, June 3). Smartphones – not so smart for the planet. Retrieved from DW website: http://www.dw.com/en/smartphones-not-so-smart-for-the-planet/a-37824142 Schurman, K. (2017, November 17). Future Camera Technological Advances. Retrieved from Life Wire website: https://www.lifewire.com/cameras-of-the-future-493442 Wikipedia. (2018, April 13). Canon EOS 6D Mark II – Wikipedia. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_6D_Mark_II#cite_note-peta-1 Wikipedia. (2018, May 10). Canon EOS D30 – Wikipedia. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_D30 Wikipedia. (2018, May 9). Digital Photograhy – Wikipedia. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography Wikipedia. (2018, March 5). Epson R-D1 – Wikipedia. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_R-D1 Wikipedia. (2018, June 2). Instant Camera – Wikipedia. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_camera#Polaroid_cameras Wikipedia. (2018, June 1). Instax – Wikipedia. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instax Wikipedia. (2018, May 16). Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera – Wikipedia. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_camera#History Wikipedia. (2018, May 26). Smartphone – Wikipedia. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone Wikipedia. (2018, May 22). Sony ?7 III – Wikipedia. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_%CE%B17_III Zhang, M. (2017, August 18). 10 Predictions About the Future of Photography. Retrieved from Peta Pixel website: https://petapixel.com/2017/08/18/10-predictions-future-photography/ How to cite Cameras in Current Time Period, Papers

Does Learning Change the Structure of the Brain

Question: Does Learning Change the Structure of the Brain? Answer: Introduction: This particular study seeks an in-depth insight on whether learning changes the structure of brain or not. The mental development of human is gradual and dynamic. With the gradual progress of life, the human being has to come across different learning processes with the help of which they can develop their mental skill and wisdom. This particular study has thrown an argument regarding this. I as a psychologist have to analyse the fact whether learning process can at all change the structure of brain or not. As a psychologist, I have to provide logical statement in support of my argument. I as a psychologist believe that with the progress of learning process, the structure of brain changes. Therefore, I have to produce an argument how mental ability changes with the rhythmic process of learning. Thesis statement: It was a psychological argument thrown by many eminent personalities that different learning process is one of the major tools of structuring brain. Brain signifies mental ability based on which the individual has enhanced their knowledge and wisdom. Buntod (2010) stated that different learning theories are one of the most effective framework based on which learners can absorb the information and utilize it when it is necessary. As per the behavioural theory, it is defined that individuals behaviour is highly dependent on the society, culture and the background where that individual belongs (Gibson and Hughes, 2009).Learning can never change anyones behaviour. On the other hand, Korkmaz et al. (2011) argued that the believers of cognitive theory believe can be developed through different phases of learning processes. As a result, one can simply differentiate the behaviour of a knowledgeable person and the behaviour of an ordinary fellow having least knowledge and perception on the learning process. Many theorists as Petersen et al. (2014) have differed this kind of arguments that only learning process is enough to build the mental development of a particular individual. They believe that as per the constructivism theory, learning process definitely helps to construct enough and skill to an individual; but through various learning process individual can never gain wisdom. There is a subtle difference between knowledge and wisdom. The renowned essayist, Russell (1872-1970) in his essay Knowledge and Wisdom, stated that gaining knowledge has both of its positive and negative effects; but those who gain knowledge for getting a positive outcome is possessed wisdom. He has pointed out one particular example such as one scientist can make dynamite with the help of which the world can be destroyed. On the other hand, biochemists select the dose of medicines that help a person to get back into new life. The essayist has highlighted two contradictory sentences in order to point out the fact that knowledge can always not be effective in order to build a persons mentality or psychology. In addition, with knowledge or learning, wisdom is also necessary that would help them to realize how knowledge can be utilized in various positive sides (Francis 2008). Therefore, this was the argument statement whether learning can change structure of brain of an individual based on which different essayists have made their arguments i n it. Discussing own Position and argument: As per the demand of the study, I have to expose my own argument in the position of psychology. At the very first stage, I would like to confess that I personally believe learning plays a major role in the developmental structure of brain and mind. In order to support my argument I would love to point out some of the relevant tools learning process in this regard that would help me to support my views. A learner can gain knowledge and information from group activities. While making a group discussion, the learner can develop knowledge and skill that was completely unknown for that person. Collective ideas and decision-making process helps an individual to widen the mental horizon. Learning through classroom activities is one of the most effective ways to gain enough information for building the mental development. In a classroom, the mentor or a teacher likes to provide sufficient knowledge and information regarding various fields. Learners get the opportunity to interact with the teacher in order to clarify their doubt. With the help of exchanging immediate feedback to each other, learners can develop their mind. Interpersonal exchange of views is one of the most effective ways of enhancing mental ability and skill. In an interpersonal communication, both the sender and the receiver like to maintain face-to-face communication with each other. As a result, the feedback they get from each other is immediate. Consequently, they acquire enough opportunity to correct their misconception. One of the most notable benefits of making interpersonal communication is that both the sender and the receiver can expose their emotion more frankly as they are known to each other. It is a major tool of learning process. Here, learners get immense opportunity to develop their ability and skill. On the contrary Bassett et al. (2011) has opined that class room activities, group activities, interpersonal exchange of views can never be the effective tool of learning based on which the mind and the structure of brain of a learner would be changed. Surroundings and the environment are the major factors for the mental development of a learner. I personally having a psychological background strongly oppose the point of view of May (2011). As per my knowledge and experience is concerned, I have gained enough the society and background of a particular learner can be one of the effective parts of building the mental skill and development; but it can never be the whole. For an example, without different phases of learning process from school to college, one individual child can never be able to take any matured decision because this particular child would not be able to make any difference between good or bad Sullivan et al. (2011). Only society is not enough to structure the brain of a child. Many examples can be developed in this regard where I can show that a child coming from backward society is successful enough to take a perfect decision about career or any other else. Whereas a child in spite of having a high profile background does not know how to behave with seniors in order to show them respect and dignity Taubert et al. (2010). Therefore, this fact is undeniable that environment is one of the major factors for making the mental ability of a learner; but it can never be the only factors based on which an individual learner can develop their knowledge and skill. Without proper learning, no one would be able to develop his or her mentality Zatorre et al (2012). Summary and Conclusion: This particular study has clearly focused to establish an argument whether learning can change the structure of a brain. Different stalwarts from the psychological background have expressed their point of views. Some of them have supported this opinion and some of them have denied its relevance. I also have been appointed to express my personal opinion. However, I have supported the view, as I personally believe the process of learning has an immense contribution in order to develop the mental ability of a learner. Many eminent personalities have considered my opinion as irrelevant because they personally believe that environment is more important than learning for developing mental skill of a learner. I have provided enough statements relating to the practical examples in support of my viewpoints. Reference List: Bassett, D. S., Wymbs, N. F., Porter, M. A., Mucha, P. J., Carlson, J. M., Grafton, S. T. (2011). Dynamic reconfiguration of human brain networks during learning.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,108(18), 7641-7646. Buntod, (2010). Effects of Learning Environmental Education on Science Process Skills and Critical Thinking. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), pp.60-63. Francis, P. (2008). Developing education students' conceptions of the learning process in different learning environments. Learning and Instruction, 7(3), pp.277-292. Gibson, M. and Hughes, P. (2009). The Supervisory Process in Action Learning. Management Learning, 18(4), pp.264-276. Korkmaz, F., Ozsaker, E., Tasdemir, N. and Karacabay, K. (2011). Analysis of the effects of two different assessment methods on the learning process in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. European Journal of Cardiovascular, 10(23), pp.22-24. May, A. (2011). Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the adult human brain.Trends in cognitive sciences,15(10), 475-482. Petersen, A., Boer, H. and Gertsen, F. (2014). Learning in different modes: the interaction between incremental and radical change. Knowl. Process Mgmt., 11(4), pp.228-238. Sullivan, E. V., Pfefferbaum, A., Rohlfing, T., Baker, F. C., Padilla, M. L., Colrain, I. M. (2011). Developmental change in regional brain structure over 7 months in early adolescence: comparison of approaches for longitudinal atlas-based parcellation.Neuroimage,57(1), 214-224. Taubert, M., Draganski, B., Anwander, A., Mller, K., Horstmann, A., Villringer, A., Ragert, P. (2010). Dynamic properties of human brain structure: learning-related changes in cortical areas and associated fiber connections.The Journal of Neuroscience,30(35), 11670-11677. Zatorre, R. J., Fields, R. D., Johansen-Berg, H. (2012). Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning.Nature neuroscience,15(4), 528-536