Income inequality can be defined as the difference of...

Income inequality can be defined as the difference of distribution of assets, wealth, and income between the populations. The term income inequality refers to the inequality among persons within a society. The topic is commonly debated, and the liberties and rights of people are often brought into the debate being made. In America, it has been said that â€Å"The 400 richest people in the United States have more wealth than the bottom 150 million put together† leading the reader to believe there is a huge inequality problem that is only growing wider. There is no doubt that the income gap in America is growing, with the middle class taking home 9% less than they had in 1999, but I feel that the government does not have the obligation to lessen†¦show more content†¦At first glance, I feel a majority of people will answer yes, the government holds an obligation to lessen the income gap, just as I did. However, after dissection and analysis of the question, more question s are brought up, questions that are not so easily answered. How would the government come about a solution to lessen the income gap? Just as I previously stated, it would be a matter of theft from the wealthy to support the poor, and support their right to equality. This argument does not seem viable, due to the fact that the wealthy persons rights are now being all but forgotten. The redistribution of wealth can be simply put as taking a little from the wealthy, and sprinkling some here and some there, as they should not need all that excess wealth. This ideology sounds like Marxists philosophy, which does not have a history of prevailing. When the government controls and distributes the wealth, what is the motivation to produce more? Higher level of production would only lead to more government interference. Although there is no doubt income inequality exists in the United States, the government does not have the obligation to lessen the gap. A government has the obligation to pr otect citizen’s rights, and the only means of lessening the wage gap that I could find, violated the rights of citizens. Income inequality can be an incentive for people. It encourages creativity necessary to allow people to climb in the ranks ofShow MoreRelatedEconomic Inequality, Inequality And Inequality952 Words   |  4 PagesOECD, the term inequality in the opposite of equity can be defined as evenness or fairness within the social, political, and economic perspectives. Equity forms the core value of both the western democratic tradition and religions. From the concept of equality, inequality can be described as unfair or uneven treatments of the people within the society or unequal distribution of resources, income, and other factors between different sectors in the society. Inequality can be defined as the unfairRead MoreInequality : Global And Social Inequality1330 Words   |  6 PagesInequality has been shown throughout American history and has affected various countries including the United States. The two forms of inequality this paper will address are global and social inequality. Social inequality refers to the distribution of resources based on socially defined characteristics, while global inequality is the systematic differences in wealth and power between countries. Children living in poverty don’t have the same opportunities as those who live in a higher income countyRead MoreEconomic Equality Between The Social Classes Of The Great United States Of America1658 Words   |  7 Pagesalbeit it, some more than others, lives their daily life. The rules, laws, rights, actions, and consequences are the foundation of daily life, and have been for a while (Mallock). No matter which side of the political fiasco that one is on, the difference between the time the docu ment was written and the time now is not that different when comparing with a broad spectrum. Additionally, there are still wars, both against other countries and taxes, guns, fighting for protection, racial issues, andRead MoreReasons For Wealth And Income Inequality1758 Words   |  8 Pagesfor wealth and income inequality in Canada, as well as the positive and negative effects it has on society. The report goes into detail on how job availability, education, immigration and market forces affect the distribution of income and wealth. The purpose of the report is to evaluate the significance of these effects, discuss why this inequality is a critical issue and suggest possible solutions to reduce the negative impacts on society. The report describes trends in income and wealth inequalityRead MorePublic Reform Research Paper1551 Words   |  7 Pagesand policies for the wealthy will make positive difference in the economy. Income inequality has been increasing since 1970 (Hatch). One way to battle this issue is to vote to increase taxes among the wealthy. Though, this will not in a sense create income equality however, it would promote additional income and income distribution to lower income households. Through this method the standard income requirements to be eligible for the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) could be lowered, this providesRead MoreEssay on Cultural Anthro - Karl Marx1293 Words   |  6 Pagesarise an extreme- either out of the most rampant democracy, or out of an oligarchy.; This was once said by Aristotle who was probably the first to recognize the importance of a middle class. A powerful debate whether the middle class is essentially defined by cultural or economic factors still remain s an issue. A rich tradition is devoted to disentangling economic from cultural components of a class. According to Karl Marx, the middle class is an outgrowth of economic factors, primarily capitalism.Read MoreUsing Sociology to Bridge the Opportunity Gap1193 Words   |  5 Pages The current socio-economic climate of the United States and the world at large can best be characterized as one in which access to both opportunity and wealth are increasingly scarce to those living in poverty. While there are a number of contributing factors that create this mass inequality, the scope of this argument will focus on education. The American schooling system is lagging behind globally and the current programs in place are ineffective to the point of being detrimental. This paper assertsRead MoreThe Difference between Zakat, Conventional and Islamic Taxation1547 Words   |  7 PagesMany quasi-public goods also provided by the government because of their large external benefits. To finance those goods and services businesses and households are required to pay taxes. Taxation is among the ways in which government can lessen income inequalities. Taxes are done in order to correct the over allocation of resources associated with negative externalities. Taxation is a method of transferring resources from the private to the public sector. In the early centuries of Islamic StateRead MoreIndi Poverty And Inequality1308 Words   |  6 PagesInequality is defined as the wide gap between a low and a high income within an economy. Poverty is defined as being in the state of extremely poor. India is well renowned for having two classes, those living well above the poverty line, and those living well below. Currently, India is promoting strategies to decrease their percentage of people living under the poverty line. In 2012 the World Bank conducted some research to find out that 21.9% of the countries 1.295 billion, are living under theRead MoreOverview and Importance of Distribution of Income Essay2550 Words   |  11 PagesDistribution of income in any g iven economy is known as how the income is allocated between households. This phenomenon is not to be confused with distribution of wealth which looks at the ownership of assets in an economy, as opposed to the income. The topic of income distribution is a very hot subject due to the perceived income inequality in the United States. It is talked about on a daily basis on almost every political talk show, news program, business news show, and the list goes on. The

On the Problem of Induction Free Essays

A Critique of Nelson Goodman’s Concept of the New Riddle of Induction The development of the method of induction has been privy to the presentation and solution of riddles. At the initial level of its development, it has been privy to the old riddle of induction discovered by Hume. After the solution of the former riddle, however, a new riddle of induction was discovered by Nelson Goodman. We will write a custom essay sample on On the Problem of Induction or any similar topic only for you Order Now In lieu of this, this paper opts to consider the development of the method of induction as a methodology defined by Hume and Goodman’s conception of the Inductive method. Induction refers to â€Å"a method of reasoning by which a general law or principle is inferred from observed particular instances† (Flew 171). The method of inductive inference may be considered as the primary means through which justifications are formulated to show the relationship of evidence towards particular assumptions (Norton 2). The process of induction, in this sense, may be seen to arise whenever we note that evidence lends support to a hypothesis while in the process failing to establish its deductive certainty. It was such a formulation of the method of induction that enabled the conception of the first riddle. What follows is a presentation of the main arguments of the aforementioned riddle as formulated by David Hume. Hume argued that since no necessary connections exists between empirical phenomena, it is always possible that a future observation will prove our inferences wrong no matter how appealing it may have been or how richly supported by past observations. This problem, in the more recent formulations of the problem has been referred to as the uniformity principle [in this sense the lack of such uniformity]. According to the argument, nature has no uniformity. If such is the case it thereby follows that there is no voucher that which ensure the consistency of man’s most refined predictions. It might be argued that such an assumption has never been denied in the formulation of predictions however there has been agreement regarding the results of such an agreement [or lack thereof] within the province of induction. To some, it means that induction is never valid or justified, while to others, it means that induction simply calls for different standards of validity (Landesman 164). The latter view strips the aforementioned riddle [Humean riddle] of its problematic context. This is evident if one considers that since the rules of deductive validity are inapplicable to induction, it cannot be a problem that inductive inference is unavoidably attended by the possibility that a future observation may prove it wrong (Goodman 4). The old riddle is then dismissed because it cannot possibly be the genuine problem of induction. Fact, Fiction, and Forecast present Goodman’s construal of what he refers to as the new riddle of induction. After refuting the old riddle of induction [the refutation of which is evident in the former paragraph], Goodman proceeds to outline what he takes to be the genuine problem of induction and its tentative solution. The problem of induction, he writes, is a problem of demonstrating the difference between valid and invalid predictions (Goodman 4). According to Goodman, a prediction is valid if it conforms to a valid rule of induction, and a rule is valid if it yields valid predictions. He acknowledges that such an assumption is characterized by circularity however he notes that it is important to perceive such a conception of the problem in terms of the conceptions of justifications for arguments.   Goodman notes that inductive predictions based on past regularities work better than those based on any other alternative. If such is the case, the rules for formulating predictions must be constructed in such a way that they will coincide with common practices of inductive reasoning. This, on the other hand, is further developed by the quality of predictions, which it produces. This is clearly explicated by Rubenstein as he notes, â€Å"the centerpiece of a valid inductive logic [according to Goodman] is its reliance on past regularities, and the prescriptive mandate of inductive validity is inseparable from a descriptive account of how inductive judgments are commonly made† (39). This has been the result of Goodman’s dissolution of the old riddle of induction. What follows this is Goodman’s explication that the most promising solution of the aforementioned riddle is untenable. It is through the introduction of such untenability that Goodman presents what he perceives to be the new riddle of induction. Goodman presents two hypotheses that are to be addressed through the use of the inductive method. One says that all emeralds are green and the other says that all emeralds are grue, where grue is said to apply to all things examined before t just in case they are green but to other things just in case they are blue (Goodman 10). Both hypotheses seem to be equally well supported by the evidence: all emeralds examined prior to t have been found to be green and grue. However, the two hypotheses are mutually exclusive. If emeralds are grue, they will be blue at t and thereafter, but if the alternative hypothesis is correct, they will be green. Thus, we are left with the paradox that Goodman christened the ‘new riddle of induction’. We cannot, after all, justify induction by appealing to past regularities. However, the reason, according to Goodman, is not the lack of the elusive uniformity principle, but the previously unrecognized ubiquity of regularities.   According to Goodman, regularities exist where one finds them. In relation to this Goodman states that one, however, finds them everywhere (12). If such is the case, it therefore follows that it is useless to base inductive validity on past regularities since it is not possible to predict and hence distinguish which regularities are valid and invalid. At this point, I would like to present a summary of the aforementioned discussion. In the aforementioned discussion, Goodman believes that the old riddle [the Humean riddle/the uniformity principle] has been dissolved and that induction is justified by past regularities. The only remaining difficulty he sees, however, lies in finding a rule for distinguishing between regularities that do and do not yield valid inductive predictions. As was noted in the above discussion, the possibility of such is not possible. This is evident if one considers that regularity necessitates the occurrence of acts of inductive inference. Therefore, the genuine problem of induction cannot be the distinction between the distinction of regularities that do or do not yield valid inductive predictions since the specification of such necessitates the formulation of inductive inferences. As I reckon, Goodman aforementioned conception fails to account for the process of induction. It is important to note that Goodman contends that induction begins with regularity. Rubenstein notes, â€Å"induction does not begin with regularity – it ends with it† (44). The failure to consider this leads Goodman to misconstrue the problem of induction. It is important to note that experience of reality does not necessarily start with regularities but rather with individual observations. The role of induction, in this sense lies in providing us with justified methods that allows us to posit the observations that we will account for as regularities. Goodman, however, failed to account for this. In addition to this, it is important to note that such a failure can also be traced to Goodman’s assumptions regarding the process in which individuals formulate inferences. Goodman’s error is compounded when he makes a distinction between identifying regularity and projecting it. Once we have decided that our observations represent regularity, it is automatically projected in both temporal directions. This is, in fact, what we mean by applying the term regularity to our data. Furthermore, Stich and Nisbett contend that the â€Å"equilibrium with inductive practices† that Goodman posited as a necessary aspect in formulating a valid inductive methodology is â€Å"neither necessary nor sufficient for a rule of inductive inference to be justified† (194). They argue that such an assumption fails to consider that â€Å"human subjects regularly and systematically make invalid inferences† and that there an instance wherein human reasoning enables an individual to â€Å"accept invalid rules and reject valid one’s that ought to govern the inference at hand† (Stitch and Nisbett 194). In summary, the aforementioned paper presented Goodman’s arguments in relation to his conception of the new riddle in induction. Such a riddle, however, under scrutiny may be seen as based upon a mistaken assumption of the justification process of beliefs that necessitates the introduction of information garnered through the method of induction. This is evident, for example, if one considers the manner in which observations enable the formulation of regularities and not the other way around. An analysis of Goodman’s supposed riddle of induction thereby leaves the reader wondering if such a riddle may be considered as a valid concern for the adherents of the inductive methodology. Works Cited Flew, Anthony.   A Dictionary of Philosophy.   London: Pan Books, 1983. Goodman, Nelson.   Fact, Fiction, and Forecast.   Massachussets: Harvard University Press, 1983. Landesman, Charles.  Ã‚   Skepticism: The Central Issues.   London: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. Rubenstein, Arthur.   â€Å"Induction, Grue Emeralds and Lady Macbeth’s Fallacy.†Ã‚   The Philosophical Quarterly 48.190 (Jan. 1998): 37-49. Stitch, Stephen and Richard Nisbett.   â€Å"Justification and the Psychology of Human Reasoning.’   Philosophy of Science 47.2 (Jun. 1980): 188-202. How to cite On the Problem of Induction, Essay examples

The Moment that Changed My Life Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Moment that Changed My Life Argumentative Essay As I sat in class that day and received the A honor roll certificate with my name on it, my view on life suddenly changed. I realized that while others could mosey along and just get by, that was not what I needed to do. Failure was not an option, I would settle for nothing less that success, and college was the goal I was setting for myself even with the many struggles that were going to come with it. Nothing inspires success more than the feeling of failure. I never quite understood what â€Å"I felt my stomach drop† meant until I received my first failing grade. I had studied so hard for that test and I still failed. We will write a custom essay on The Moment that Changed My Life Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I pondered on that failing grade for several days, and I just couldn’t quite let it go. When I saw the other students in my class had failed also, it just did not even seem to upset them. They acted as if they could care less about a passing grade. I know what was going through their head though, â€Å"oh this is just high school†. Receiving that failing grade made me realize that I needed to apply success in everything in my life. Even if it was â€Å"only high school†, I was not going to fail any more. If I had a careless attitude about failure in high school I was more than likely going to have a careless attitude in other aspects of my life. While failure is a trap that’s easy to fall into, I know that success would be worth working for. Studying was going to be the key to accomplishing many things in my life. I needed to get used to studying because that was going to be the way to success for the rest of high school, and then on to college. While all of the other teenagers in my class were over there talking about the party from last night, that was never really my cup of tea. I had figured out early that I cared way too much about my future to go try to impress someone at a party. I played all of the sports in high school, so I went to school at 8 a. m. and usually didn’t get home until eleven or twelve on Tuesday and Friday nights, and 6 p. m. on any other night of the week. So when I got home all I wanted to do was just go to sleep, but nope I had to do my homework for the next day. It was definitely not what I wanted to be doing late at night but I needed to so I could be successful. Had I not learned to prioritize, I am not sure I would even be going to college. Making it to college is one step closer to success for me. I am the first of my family to apply and go to college. It was also not easy like it was for everyone else to get to college. I had no clue as to what to do to apply, my parents had no clue, so I had to learn from what all of my friends were doing and reach out to other family members for help. My goal is to be successful, and strive for the best in everything I do. I have reached my goal of being the first to make it to college, and I will be the first the graduate. I am not going to let failure get in my way, I am settling for nothing less than success, and I am reaching my goals one step at a time.

7 Tips for Keeping Your Summer Job

7 Tips for Keeping Your Summer Job Its summertime and you’ve landed a great job, and keeping it requires hard work. Since there is considerable competition in the workplace, it is important that you follow a few simple rules that show you have what it takes. Aside from a weekly paycheck, summer employment enhances your resume, and strong letters of recommendation from your employer go a long way when applying for another job. How Many Summer Jobs Are There?The number of summer jobs is holding steady but declining in some industries. Overall, the labor market swells in summer as workers 16 to 24 years of age find employment between April and July each year. In July 2014, 23.4 million individuals in this age group found summer employment, an increase of 1.2 percent over 2013.Summer Jobs Vary by IndustryOverall, the food service industry had the highest percentage of employees during the summer months in 2014. Since restaurants hire more employees during summer vacation when presented with a burgeoning influx of p atrons, this might be a good choice for your job search. The number of sales jobs accounted for about 24 percent, lower than in previous summers.How to Prove Your MettleOnce you have found the job that meets your needs, you want to keep it. Each job has certain demands, and meeting those requirements is important. Knowing what makes you a valuable employee is a step toward becoming one.1. Be PunctualNothing is more important for keeping a business running properly. If one employee is late, it has repercussions on everyone. Leaving for work with time to spare makes sure that roadway conditions or traffic won’t affect you. Some successful employees make it a habit to be at work 10 minutes early every day. It gives them time to relax after the commute and get in the workday mood.2. Be a Team PlayerRemember you are part of a team, and team members support each other. Doing your job and helping another employee if asked, is what members of a team do. If a fellow employee is ill or has an important family affair, offering to switch shifts, or doing a double to help them out shows how much of a team player you are.3. Be NeatLooking neat is what customers see first. If you wear a uniform, make sure it is pressed and clean. Since you represent your employer as you interact with customers, this is something on which most businesses insist.4. Show InitiativeLook around when your duties are at a momentary standstill for something that needs attention. For instance, tables may need to be cleaned, or display cases may need to be straightened. Making the effort shows you have initiative, a prized trait for an employee to have. In addition, letting your employer know that you are willing to take on extra work or shifts is valuable, and your paycheck will reflect the additional hours.5. Stay in the MomentDon’t be on Facebook or talking on your cell phone. That sends a message to your employer that something else is more important than doing your job. For an emplo yer, having an employee who know how to work and puts other activities aside until work is over is essential.6. Be CourteousBeing courteous to customers is vitally important, and both the business patrons and your employer will notice. If your job involves getting a tip, a smile and helpful demeanor may make the difference on how much a customer will leave.7. Show RespectShowing respect has a lot more to it than saying thank you. Responsibility is a form of respect, and being at work every day is your responsibility. If you are unable to be there, call in ahead of time and give your employer enough time to find a replacement for your shift. Some establishments let you make a shift change yourself, so having a good network of fellow workers is important. Don’t make the mistake of calling in sick to spend the day at the beach. It’s amazing how often a fellow employee or the boss will see you there.Let you employer know if you would like to continue working on a long-term basis. If you have proven you have a strong work ethic, he or she might want to accommodate that desire.How to Find a Summer JobUsing a job search site such as TheJobNetwork makes finding summer work easy. You can browse for jobs online or use the platform’s job match function. You upload your preferences and resume, and the system searches for matching jobs 24 hours a day. When appropriate jobs are found, you are sent an email alert. The jobs are ranked according to the information you entered.

Tips to Improve Your French Pronunciation

Tips to Improve Your French Pronunciation Speaking French is more than just knowing the vocabulary and grammar rules. You also need to pronounce the letters correctly. Unless you started learning French as a child, youre unlikely to ever sound like a native speaker, but its certainly not impossible for adults to speak with a decent French accent. Here are some ideas to help you improve your French pronunciation. Learn French Sounds Basic French PronunciationThe first thing you need to do is understand how each letter is usually pronounced in French.Letters in DetailAs in English, some letters have two or more sounds, and letter combinations often make completely new sounds.French AccentsAccents dont show up on certain letters just for decoration - they often give clues about how to pronounce those letters.International Phonetic AlphabetFamiliarize yourself with the pronunciation symbols used in French dictionaries. Get a Decent Dictionary When you see a new word, you can look it up to find out how its pronounced. But if youre using a little pocket dictionary, youll find that many words arent there. When it comes to French dictionaries, bigger really is better. Some French dictionary software even includes sound files. Pronunciation Preparation and Practice Once youve learned how to pronounce everything, you need to practice it. The more you speak, the easier it will be to make all of those sounds. Here are some techniques that can help you in your French accent improvement project. Listen to FrenchThe more you listen to French, the better youll get at hearing and distinguishing between unfamiliar sounds, and the easier it will be for you to produce them yourself.Listen and RepeatSure, this isnt something youd do in real life, but mimicking words or phrases over and over is an excellent way to develop your pronunciation skills. My French audio dictionary has 2,500 sound files of words and short phrases.Listen to YourselfRecord yourself speaking French and then listen carefully to the playback - you might discover pronunciation mistakes that youre not aware of when you speak. Read Out LoudIf youre still stumbling over words with tricky letter combinations or lots of syllables, you definitely need more practice. Try reading out loud to get used to making all of those new sounds. Pronunciation Problems Depending on your native language, certain French sounds and pronunciation concepts are more difficult than others. Take a look at my page on pronunciation difficulties for lessons (with sound files) on some typical trouble spots for English speakers (and possibly others as well). Speak Like the Natives When you learn French, you learn the correct way to say everything, not necessarily the way the French actually say it. Check out my lessons on informal French to learn how to sound more like native speakers: Informal negationInformal pronounsInformal questions Pronunciation Tools Unlike grammar and vocabulary, pronunciation is something that you cant learn by reading (although there are some excellent French pronunciation books). But you really do need to interact with native speakers. Ideally, you would do this face to face, such as by going to France or another French-speaking country, taking a class, working with a tutor, or joining the Alliance franà §aise.If those truly are not an option, at the very least you need to listen to French, such as with these tools: French listening onlineFrench audio booksFrench audio magazinesFrench audio tapes and CDsFrench radioFrench softwareFrench TV The Bottom Line Getting a good French accent is all about practice - both passive (listening) and active (speaking). Practice really does make perfect. Improve Your French Improve your French listening comprehensionImprove your French pronunciationImprove your French reading comprehensionImprove your French verb conjugationsImprove your French vocabulary

The development and future of the Sukuk in Saudi Arabia financial Essay

The development and future of the Sukuk in Saudi Arabia financial services - Essay Example n the global markets This chapter aims to provide a through insight into the research that has been conducted regarding regulation and securitization involving Sukuk. The chapter aims to elaborate the structure of the Sukuk markets and the processes that go into issuing Sukuk and summarize. The global perspective on Sukuk has been thoroughly-researched in the past few years and this has helped us considerably in conducting the present study. Moreover, previous researchers have provided a convergent viewpoint regarding the growth of Sukuk in Muslim as well as non-Muslim countries. A number of definitions of Sukuk have been proposed by researchers and scholars. Sukuk can be regarded as a product of Islamic banking that allows the creation of a system of investment that results in profits for the investor and at the same time aims to comply with the Islamic ban on usury. According to the definition proposed by the Academy of International Modern Studies (2009), Sukuk are referred to as trust certificates or as participation securities1. Sukuk are considered to be ideal tools for the management of liquidity. In general terms, Sukuk could be defined as a structure of Islamic banking that provides assets to the investor with a cash flow2. The word Sukuk is an Arabic word which is a plural of the word sak which refers to any financial certificate. The word Sak is a cognate of the English word Cheque. Sukuk are implemented by following a process of securitization which aims to meet the standards of Islamic financing required by the Shariah and by the national laws of Islamic financing. Another definition that sheds light on the issue of profit and risk taking in the issuing of Sukuk had been proposed by Tan Wan Yean (2009) in his research on Islamic banking quotes the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) definition of Sukuk: â€Å"†¦ certificates of equal value representing, after closing subscription, receipt of the value of

Circuit analysis lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Circuit analysis - Lab Report Example According to ( Sharma)â€Å"Potentiometer also known as pot is generally used in circuits to provide variable resistance or variable voltage†. Here, the transmission of power is possible with DC voltage hence DC ground components are loaded in the software to aid the experiment. The main objective of the study is to understand the relationship between circuit configuration and other components in determining the output of current to the circuit. In the experiment, the main two components are the potentiometer and the LED. For this study, the integral platform is the Multisim software which aids in circuit simulation and designing which in turn gives chance to the researcher to create analyze and optimize circuit board. Here the main objective is to utilize the ideal software like multisim because it helps the experimenter in circuit designing and voltage valuation. The experiment is conducted with the help of Multisim software where circuits in different configuration like parallel, combination and two components are set up. In the first step, the circuit measurements are taken and are fed in to the software. Next through the multisim software, the circuit is constructed. For this purpose, the design layout is used and for the experiment with components the resistor tool section in the software is used. Then the component label is set as R1 and R2 and value is set as 2.2 Kâ„ ¦ and 5.1kâ„ ¦ respectively. Next, the R2 component is arranged vertically by rotating it 90 degree. Then the DC voltage and DC ground components are added in the software with this the component insertion occurs and the sample circuit is showcased in the software space. Further in the experiment the wires are added with voltage value which is 2.1â„ ¦. Then the multimeter is placed above each resistor to gauge the â€Å"voltage drop† and these are called â€Å"XMM1† and â€Å"XMM2† respectively. Later the